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식물의 생장과 발달에 영향을 미치는 슈트 정단분열조직의 체제와 기능
이규배 한국식물생명공학회 2014 식물생명공학회지 Vol.41 No.4
In plants, a shoot apex has a small region knownas the shoot apical meristem (SAM) having a group of dividing(initiating) cells. The SAM gives rise to all the groundabovestructures of plants throughout their lifetime, and thus itplays important role in growth and development of plants. In plants, a shoot apex has a small region knownas the shoot apical meristem (SAM) having a group of dividing(initiating) cells. The SAM gives rise to all the groundabovestructures of plants throughout their lifetime, and thus itplays important role in growth and development of plants. This review describes theories to explain the SAM organizationand function developed over the last 250 years. Since in 1759German botanist C. F. Wolff has described firstly the SAM,in 1858 Swiss botanist C. Nägeli proposed the apical celltheory from the observation of a large single apical cell in theSAM of seedless vascular plants: however, this view wasrecognized to be unsuitable to seed plants. In 1868, Germanbotanist J. Hanstein suggested the histogen theory: this conceptsubdividing the SAM into dermatogen, periblem, and pleromewas unable to generally apply to seed plants. In 1924, Germanbotanist A. Schmidt proposed the tunica-corpus theory fromthe examination of angiosperm SAM in which two partsshow different planes of cell division: this theory was provedto be not suitable to gymnosperm SAM, not have stablesurface tunica layer. In 1938, American botanist A. Fosterdescribed zones in gymnosperm SAM based on the cytohistologicdifferentiation and thus called it a cytohistological zonationtheory. With works by E. Gifford, in 1954, this zonation patternwas demonstrated to be also applicable to angiosperm SAM. As another theory, in 1952 French botanist R. Buvat proposedthe méristème d’attente (waiting meristem) theory: however,this concept was confuted because of its negation of functionduring vegetative growth phase to central initial cells. Rescentstudies with Arabidopsis thaliana have found that formationand maintenance of the SAM are under the control of selectedgenes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene forms the SAM,and WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes functionin maintaining the SAM; signaling between WUS and CLVgenes act through a negative feedback loop. As another theory, in 1952 French botanist R. Buvat proposedthe méristème d’attente (waiting meristem) theory: however,this concept was confuted because of its negation of functionduring vegetative growth phase to central initial cells. Rescentstudies with Arabidopsis thaliana have found that formationand maintenance of the SAM are under the control of selectedgenes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene forms the SAM,and WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes functionin maintaining the SAM; signaling between WUS and CLVgenes act through a negative feedback loop. In plants, a shoot apex has a small region knownas the shoot apical meristem (SAM) having a group of dividing(initiating) cells. The SAM gives rise to all the groundabovestructures of plants throughout their lifetime, and thus itplays important role in growth and development of plants. This review describes theories to explain the SAM organizationand function developed over the last 250 years. Since in 1759German botanist C. F. Wolff has described firstly the SAM,in 1858 Swiss botanist C. Nägeli proposed the apical celltheory from the observation of a large single apical cell in theSAM of seedless vascular plants: however, this view wasrecognized to be unsuitable to seed plants. In 1868, Germanbotanist J. Hanstein suggested the histogen theory: this conceptsubdividing the SAM into dermatogen, periblem, and pleromewas unable to generally apply to seed plants. In 1924, Germanbotanist A. Schmidt proposed the tunica-corpus theory fromthe examination of angiosperm SAM in which two partsshow different planes of cell division: this theory was provedto be not suitable to gymnosperm SAM, not have stablesurface tunica layer. In 1938, American botanist A. Fosterdescribed zones in gymnosperm SAM based on the cytohistologicdifferentiation and thus called it a cytohistological zonationtheory. With works by E. Gifford, in 1954, this zonation patternwas demonstrated to be also applicable to angiosperm SAM. As another theory, in 1952 French botanist R. Buvat proposedthe méristème d’attente (waiting meristem) theory: however,this concept was confuted because of its negation of functionduring vegetative growth phase to central initial cells. Rescentstudies with Arabidopsis thaliana have found that formationand maintenance of the SAM are under the control of selectedgenes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene forms the SAM,and WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes functionin maintaining the SAM; signaling between WUS and CLVgenes act through a negative feedback loop.
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Defense response of resistant host Impatiens balsamina to the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta japonica
이규배,Judith A. Jernstedt 한국식물학회 2013 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.56 No.3
The response of the stem of a resistant host (Impatiens baslamina) to infection by the parasitic flowering plant Cuscuta japonica was studied with light and electron microscopy. The intra- and interfascicular cambial cells in the host stem first reacted to the penetrating upper haustorium by dividing, and the differentiation of the host xylem (vascular) tissues proceeded toward interfascicular areas from vascular bundles. When the host vascular tissue was invaded by the endophyte (haustorial portion in the host stem), the host xylem was displaced, and host vessels became occluded with parenchyma cells, resulting in tyloses. As the parasitism progressed, areas of the host stem penetrated by the endophyte became swollen via secondary growth and cell division in the parenchymatous cortex, pith, and interfascicular areas. During this intrusion by the endophyte, darkly stained necrotic reactions were detected at the interface between the host tissue and the invading endophyte. The results suggested that in the host tissues penetrated by the parasite, the formation of secondary tissue and swellings caused by active cell division of ground tissue and host vessel occlusion by tyloses constitute the host structural defense against the parasite.
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Structure and Development of the Endophyte in the Parasitic Angiosperm Cuscuta japonica
이규배 한국식물학회 2009 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.52 No.4
The endophyte, that is, the haustorial part within the tissues of the host plant Impatiens balsamina, of the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta japonica was studied with light and electron microscopy. The endophyte consisted mainly of vacuolated parenchymatous axial cells and elongate, superficial (epidermal) cells. Then the elongate, epidermal cells separated from each other and transformed into filamentous cells, called searching hyphae. The hyphae grew independently either intercellularly or intracellularly in the host parenchyma. The apical end of the hyphal cells was characterized by conspicuous, large nuclei with enlarged nucleoli and very dense cytoplasm with abundant organelles, suggesting that the hyphal cells penetrating host tissue were metabolically very active. Numerous osmiophilic particles and chloroplasts were noted in the hyphae. The osmiophilic particles were assumed to be associated with elongation of the growing hyphe. Plasmodemata connections between the searching hyphal cells of the parasite and the host parenchyma cells were not detected. Hyphal cells that reached the host xylem differentiated into water-conducting xylic hyphae by thickening of the secondary walls. A xylem bridge connecting the parasite and the host was confirmed from serial sections. Some hyphal cells that reached the host phloem differentiated into nutrient-conducting phloic hyphae. Phloic hyphae had a thin layer of peripheral cytoplasm with typical features of sieve-tube members in autotrophic angiosperms, i.e., parallel arrays of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plastids with starch granules. Interspecific open connections via the sieve pores of the host sieve elements and plasmodesmata of the parasite phloic hyphae were very rarely observed, indicating that the symplastic translocation of assimilate to the parasite from the host occurred.
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