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The English present perfect and simple past tense
윤영은 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2012 언어연구 Vol.29 No.3
As is well known, the English present perfect incorporates temporal anteriority as part of its meaning. However, such conflicting phenomena like the ‘definiteness effect’ and the ‘lifetime effect’ are observed, along with the pastness of the perfect. In this context, a variety of theories utilizing concepts such as ‘indefinite past,’ ‘perfect state,’ and ‘extended now’ have been proposed as major theories on the perfect among others, but not without theoretical defects. Recently, Meyer-Viol and Jones (2011) also propose a formal account of the English present perfect and simple past tense, based on the notions of ‘reference time,’ ‘event time,’ and ‘speech time.’ They account for the definiteness effect and the lifetime effect by analyzing the perfect to have its reference time at the speech time, while the simple past tense to have its reference time at the event time, in line with Reichenbach (1947). Given this, it is proposed in this paper that these previous theories and observations including Meyer-Viol and Jones’s generalizations are met with numerous counterexamples, and that the difference between the English perfect and simple past should be accounted for by classifying the English perfect into the three uses, i.e., Experientials, Resultatives, and Universals. In addition to the semantics of the three uses of the perfect, pragmatic competition between the perfect and simple past is proposed to play a role in deciding which of the two constructions should be chosen, in line with Schaden (2009).
Zwicker 파라미터를 이용한 건축설비 소음의 음질평가
윤영은,진유종,김재수 한국기계기술학회 2021 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.23 No.2
Building Equipment field is getting important recently which satisfies the requirement for pleasant living environment. But, the noise generated in the machinery room often violates the pleasant living environment of residents in complicated form of airborne noise and soild sound, its seriousness is increasing so that damage of noise can take large percentage of environmental complaints. So, soundproofing and insulation of sound which can minimize such noise and effective countermeasure in case of civil appeal are required, but research materials regarding building equipment are definitely insufficient domestically. In this respect, this study used Zwicker parameter which is applied by psychological and acoustic reactions according to sound quality, analyzed sound quality of 32 kinds of building equipment used in machine room, and analyzed correlation between dB(A) and PSIL which are items of Zwicker parameter and noise valuation based on that. As the results, if valuates altogether loudness and unbiased annoyance which have high correlation with other existing suggested valuating methods, it is considered that it can be utilized as basic data for more reasonable and accurate grasping characteristics of noise from building equipment and for building effective countermeasure in case of civil appeal.
Microsatellite 개발 및 분석법에 대한 소개
윤영은,곽명해,유정남,이병윤 한국식물분류학회 2011 식물 분류학회지 Vol.41 No.4
The choice of molecular markers is the first step when selecting experimental plans in the field of population genetics. The popular molecular markers in population genetic studies are mainly allozyme, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP and ISSR. Among these, microsatellites are frequently found in nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome, showing a high level of polymorphism and nuclear microsatellites are codominant. Thus, it is a favorable molecular marker for population structure analyses and genetic diversity studies. Microsatellites are composed of tandem repeated 1~6 base pair nucleotide motifs and can be easily amplified by PCR reactions using locus specific primers. Because microsatellites have low cross-species transferability, however, they are only applicable between phylogenetically close species. In wild plants, the lack of genomic information and the high development cost of the microsatellite obstruct the wider use of microsatellites in plant population genetics research. In this review, we introduce the basis for microsatellite markers, the development process, and analytical methods as well as evolutionary models and their applications. In addition, possible genotyping errors which lead to erroneous conclusions are discussed. 분자 마커의 선택은 집단유전학의 연구방법을 결정하는 중요한 고려사항으로, 현재까지 동식물의 집단유전학 연구에는 알로자임, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellite, SNP, ISSR 등이 개발되어 주로 사용되고 있다. 이 중 microsatellite는 핵뿐만 아니라 엽록체, 미토콘드리아와 같은 세포소기관의 게놈상에 매우 풍부하게 존재하며, 핵에서 유래된 microsatellite는 높은 다형성을 보이는 공우성 마커로 집단 구조 및 유전적 다양성 연구에서 최근 선호된다. Microsatellite는 보통 1~6 bp의 짧은 서열이 반복된 것으로 각각의 유전자좌에 특화된 프라이머를 사용하여 증폭한다. Microsatellite는 PCR 반응으로 쉽게 유전자형을 분석할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 종 특이적으로 개발되고 계통적으로 매우 가까운 근연종에게만 적용될 수 있는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 야생식물의 경우 microsatellite 개발에 필요한 게놈 정보가 부족하고 신규 개발비용이 많이 소요되어 적용이 쉽지 않았으나,점차 개발비용이 낮아지고 있어, 야생식물을 대상으로 한 microsatellite 연구들이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 야생식물의 microsatellite를 이용한 분석 기초를 마련하고자 microsatellite 마커의 다양한 개발 및 분석 방법, 진화 모델 및 적용 분야에 대해 소개하고, 유전자형 결정시 잘못된 결론을 도출할 가능성이 높은 부분에 대한 사항들을 지적하여 야생식물의 microsatellite를 이용한 집단유전학적 분석에 도움을 주고자 하였다.
Pragmatic Minimalism vs. Maximalism: A Reply to Hansen (2008)
윤영은 한국언어학회 2012 언어 Vol.37 No.1
Bach (2001, 2005) argues for a clear division between semantics and pragmatics. In the same vein, he proposes that the so-called minimal notion of ‘what is said’ is available to language users. On the other hand, Recanati (2001, 2004) argues that the minimal notion of what is said, i.e., the so-called minimal proposition, is not what the sentence says and has no position in the actual process of understanding the utterance. That is, the semantically underdetermined literal meaning cannot be available to language users at any point in communication. In this context, Hansen (2008) claims that if real-life data such as courtroom conversations are taken into consideration, the literal meanings of utterances are revealed to be available to ‘non-linguistically trained’ ordinary language users. Given all these, this paper revisits the two contrasting views on ‘what is said,’ i.e., pragmatic minimalism and maximalism, dubbed by Recanati (2001), and represented by Bach (2001, 2005) and Recanati (2001, 2004) respectively, among others. The main purpose of this paper is to consider the validity of Hansen’s (2008) proposal based on courtroom data, and to argue that the availability of the literal meaning to language users seems to be a myth.
Connecting irony and humor with witticism and lightheartedness
윤영은 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2014 언어연구 Vol.31 No.1
Irony and humor have long been studied as two closely related phenomena by numerous researchers. Some, including Hänninen (1989) and Dews et al. (1995), have argued that humor derives from irony, while others, including Hay (2001), have regarded irony as a variety of humor. Recently, Hirsch (2008; 2011a, b) proposes a comparative model that differentiates irony from humor in the literary texts by means of some cues for irony and humor. Reyes et al. (2012) also propose a set of features that represent humor and irony. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to reexamine the relationship between irony and humor, and to provide an answer to the long-lasting question of why these two phenomena appear to be closely related. In order to answer this question, the works of an anonymous feminist artist group, the Guerrilla Girls, from 1985 to 2013, which are effectively utilizing both irony and humor, will be analyzed. It will be observed that uncommon wordings and phrasings in a witty and clever way involved in the irony examples induce humor, and that the situation where any seriousness or intensity is relieved works as a precondition for generating humor from the irony examples. Based on these observations, it will be proposed that the ‘witticism’ involved in most irony examples derives humor, and that the so-called ‘lightheartedness’ also plays a role in generating humor. It will further be proposed that GG’s works clearly show that ‘witticism’ and ‘lightheartedness’ are two essential components of most effective ironic utterances.
Effect of Oil-Cake and Amino Acid Fertilizer on Soil Bio-Chemical Properties and Pepper Yield
윤영은,임종욱,전성화,정미선,이용복 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.3
A variety of organic materials has been currently used for the nutrient management in agricultural land. However, there is little study to understand the impact of organic materials for crop production with soil bio-chemical properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of organic materials using pepper crop (Capsicum annuum). Using oil-cake and amino acid fertilizer as organic materials, both soil characteristics such as bio-chemical properties and microbial community and pepper yield were tested for three years. The pepper was cultivated with four different treatments; Control (No fertilizer), NPK (inorganic fertilizer), OCF (Oil-cake), and (OCF+AAF) (Oil-cake with amino acid fertilizer). The result of soil properties showed that available phosphate content and microbial biomass were the highest in NPK and organic matter content was higher in OCF and OCF+AAF than NPK. Biochemical properties including activities of β -glucosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase were not different among all treated samples. For pepper yield, OCF and OCF+AAF showed 10 - 40% less than NPK. Therefore, this study concludes that organic materials affect microbial biomass linked with organic matter contents and alter the soil microbial community.
윤영은,김영남,이용복,조주영,서우덕,이금아 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.4
Barley sprouts contain various secondary metabolites such as polyphenol, policosanol, and γ-aminobutyricacid (GABA). In particular, saponarin, which accounts for about 72% of polyphenols, is well known for anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver function protection effects. Saponarin is greatly affected by environmentalconditions such as light, temperature, and moisture. However, there is a lack of studies about the effect of themicroclimatic environment on saponarin content in barley sprouts. This study was conducted to evaluate theinfluence of daily temperature range, light intensity, and light period on saponarin, water-soluble vitamins, andminerals content in barley sprouts. Seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. were sown on a plastic box and cultivated ingrowth chambers with different conditions by adjusting daily temperature range (DT, 0 → 10°C), light intensity(LI, 120 → 180 µmol m-2 s-1), and light period (LP, day 12 hours → day 18 hours). The plants were harvestedwhen the leaf length reach 15 cm. The fresh weight was not significantly different between each treatment, yetthe growth period was highest in barley sprouts cultivated with DT. Saponarin content was higher in DT, LIand LP than control, and highest saponarin content in DT. In contrast, vitamin C content was highest in controland lowest in DT. Similarly, vitamin B1 and B5 content showed the highest in control. Changes in light andtemperature elevated saponarin content in barley sprouts, especially daily temperature range showed adramatic increase. However, the change in daily temperature range affects an increase in growth period and adecrease in vitamin C content. In conclusion, daily temperature range is the predominant environmental factorto produce saponarin-enriched barley sprouts.
윤영은,진유종,김재수 한국기계기술학회 2021 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.23 No.2
A Catholic school is a school that spreads religious ideology to students by combining religious education with regular school curriculum. But, most Catholic schools do not have a separate liturgical space, mass is performed in multipurpose spaces such as auditoriums, and are exposed to severe acoustic defects due to the very aging facilities and lack of sound performance suitable for the liturgical space. So, in this study, an improvement plan was proposed using sound simulation after identifying acoustic defects through field measurements in the liturgical space of Haeseong High School in Jeonju. Also, hearing experiment using Acoustic Psychological Analysis was conducted to identify changes in subjective responses felt by students as they improved their acoustic performance. The results of study, before and after sound performance improvement sound pressure level (SPL500Hz) was 64.8dB at 66.7dB, the weighted sound level (SPLdB(A)) was 67.9dB(A) at 75.8dB(A), reverberation time (RT500Hz) was 2.04sec at 2.52sec, definition (D50,500Hz) was 40.2% at 33.5%, clarity (C80.500Hz) was –0.8dB at –1.18dB, and RASTI was 57.7% at 49.2% was evaluated. In addition, the amount of improvement in subjective responses before and after sound performance through psycho-acoustic experiment decreased by “Reverberation” -17.0%, “Loudness” -11.3% and increased by “Clear” 21.3%, “Vivid” 21.3%, “Intimacy” 12.4%, “Warmth” 14.3%, “Stability” 19.3%, “Godliness” 18.8%. Therefore, after improving sound performance, Haesung High School's liturgical space improved satisfaction with subjective sound performance felt by students and teachers to ensure sound performance suitable for the liturgical space.