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      • Robert Lowell의 Life Studies의 유기적 통일성

        신인철 동아대학교 인문과학대학 인문과학연구소 1994 인문과학연구 Vol.- No.-

        This paper aims at finding an organic unity in Robert Lowell's Life Studies. It is rare that a book of poems by a poet has an organic unity in it. However, going through Life Studies, I have come to conclude that there is an organic unity in it. The theme of "The Fall of the House of Lowell and the Poet's Breakthrough" permeates the whole book. The book is composed of four parts. ''Beyond the Alps," the first poem announces that Lowell has left Roman Catholicism and chosen to go to Paris to encounter lie's trials, that he may order chaos in his lie and world into poetry. The second deals with the historical figure, Marie de Medici, who is presented as a persona for his mother. The third, which, on the occasion of Eisenhauer's Inaugulation, contemplates the corrupt Administration of President Grant. The poem prepares for the appearance of Lowell's father who resigned the Navy. The fourth poem of Part I depicts ''a mad negro soldier confined at Munich," which foreshadows Lowell's life-long struggle with manic-depressive illness. So Part I is a historical prelude to the disintegration of Lowell's family and the world. Part Ⅱ is Lowell's reminiscence in prose of his childhood, wherein he probes the source of his madness. It is depicted through the eyes of young Lowell. Part Ⅲ is the portraits of four artists who have exiled themselves. Lowell might have shared their destinies because of his affinities with them. The fourth poem about Hart Crane, which is really "an epitaph for a fallen post", raises the question of madness and suicide. Part Ⅲ is Lowell's parabolic autobiography. Though the present paper does not deal with Part Ⅳ, mention must be made of it. Part Ⅳ is entitled "Life Studies Ⅰ, 11", which is the family portraits, beginning, with the death of Uncle De´vereux. The poems are arranged in the order of family members' deaths. "Life Studies I" deals chiefly with outward events, whereas "Life Studies Ⅱ" is related to to Lowell's inward world which is troubled with incarceration as a conscientions objector and mental case. The fourth poem, 'Skunk Hour', raising the question of madness and suicide, depicts the poet overcoming "the approach of a crisis of mental disorder" and suicide and born again as a true artist, invigorated at the sight of skunks scavenging filth, the refuse of civilization. Thus there runs through Life Studies the plot of "The Lowell Family Saga" which surmounts difficulties, achieving an organic unity (what was before reappearing afterward), which helps one read Life Studies as if he were reading a novel. In Life Studies Lowell has become a chronicler and historian of the Lowell family, writing his own version of history.

      • Allen Ginsberg의 "Howl"

        申仁澈 동아대학교 문과대학 영어영문학과 1987 동아영어영문학 Vol.3 No.-

        Allen Ginsberg wrote "Howl" in 1957 when Modernism and New Critics were still wielding their power. Emphasis on intellect, symmetry, myth, and irony had usually led to the writing of impersonal poetry affected by T.S. Eliot. Ginsberg set imagination and emotion free by plunging into the swirl of wrath against Moloch and compassion for the innocent lamblike American youths who were corrupted into misery and suffering by Moloch-like materialism, mechanization and conformity. Professing to have a "Hebraic-Melvillian bardic breath", he drew on biblical prophetic books, Christopher Smart, William Blake and Walt Whitman, laments for the lamb-like youths who have suffered in a hell of a nightmare world, impoverished, as dope-addicts and sexual perverts, exploring the limits of experience, looking for Sunyata, the transcendental void. As exemplified by "hydrogen jukebox", his juxtaposing of two words or images without any adjective or copula or verb is derived form French Impressionist painter Ce´zanne's technique by which, instead of using any perspective lines, he just puts one color against another, that is, juxtaposes different colors. Ginsberg uses this technique to achieve Sunyata, the transcendental void, in which one can merge with the universe and have a cosmic vision. The effect is the surging, wave after wave, of the bulk of emotion. Especially in part I, out of 78 lines, 58 lines begin with "who", which is a kind of fulcrum to start from and return to, thus helping sustain measure or beat. His justification for and purpose of using this kind of technipue is described in a truly great, breath-taking way in lines 74-78. In Part II, he attacks materialism, mechanization and conformity personified by the biblical pagan god Moloch, sympathizing with the trampled and helpless in society, and hurling curses at Moloch, Part II is a good example of his so-called "spontaneous writing", (which is in fact another name for surrealists' automatic writing) written under the influence of peyote, from which mescaline is extracted. Part III is a direct personal adderess to Carl Solomon, for whom "Howl" is written, and who has not been able to survive in the "Square" world and placed in a lunatic asylum, where, far form being safe from the evils of the world, he has been persecuted by the harpy-like nurses, the epitome of bureaucratic tyranny in the hospital, like the Big Nurse, Nurse Ratched in Ken Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. His compassion and sympathy for Solomon leads to his declaration of the possibility of salvation through friendship and love, which will at last bring "the rain of angelic bombs from our souls' airplanes" and set the world right. "Howl" was once considered to be the counterculture manifesto. Kerouac's On the Road and Ginsberg's Howl became the Bible of the Beat Generation. Ginsberg, the bard of the Beat Generation, has become a Buddhist and given up the use of drugs. The search into the transition form a Beatnic to a Buddhist should begin with a critical analysis of "Howl".

      • KCI등재

        트랜스포머 기반 압타머-단백질 상호작용 예측 분류기와 유전알고리즘을 이용한 압타머 후보 서열 생성 시스템

        신인철,최정훈,한연수,권준호,송길태 한국정보과학회 2023 데이타베이스 연구 Vol.39 No.1

        Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the discovery of drugs, vaccines, and diagnosis kits has been one of major research topics. To improve the efficiency of the drug discovery, artificial intelligence has been actively applied in the field. Aptamers, one of next-generation biomaterials in the drug discovery, attracts a lot of attention in recent decades. Aptamers are single-strand oligonucleotides that comprise tertiary structures and bind to specific target proteins. Aptamers are considered safer and more stable than traditional biomaterials. Therefore, Aptamers are used in various new drug development fields, such as laboratory tests for infectious diseases and cancer treatments. However, SELEX, a representative experiment for aptamer discovery, face at challenges since it takes a lot of time to determine aptamer sequences that bind to a given target protein. In this study, we developed a computer-based method to reduce the cost for aptamer discovery. And we also developed a transformer-based aptamer-protein interaction prediction classification model for discovering aptamer candidate sequences, and propose a system for generating aptamer candidate sequences using genetic algorithms. Nucleotide sequences could be generated using the designed system, and a molecular structure docking simulation called ZDOCK was used to measure the quality of the generated candidate sequences. As a result, generated sequences were confirmed that the docking score was similar or higher than that of the actual aptamers. 코로나19의 유행으로 백신, 치료제, 진단키트와 같은 신약 개발의 중요성이 강조되고 있고, 신속하고 효과가 뛰어난 신약을 개발하기 위한 인공지능 기술 적용도 확대되고 있다. 이러한 신약 개발의 한 가지 방법으로 차세대 바이오 물질인 ‘압타머’를 이용하는 방법이 관심을 받고 있다. 압타머는 3차원 구조를 가지는 단일 가닥 올리고 뉴클레오타이드로 표적 단백질에 특이적으로 결합하는 특징이 있다. 그리고 압타머는 기존 신약 개발에 활용되는 바이오 물질보다 안정성과 생산성이 높으므로 감염병 실험실 검사, 암 치료제 등 다양한 신약 개발 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 그러나 압타머 후보 서열을 발굴하기 위한 대표적인 실험인 SELEX는 표적 단백질에 결합하는 압타머 후보 물질을 찾는 데 많은 시간이 걸린다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 압타머 후보 서열 발굴에 많은 시간이 걸리는 SELEX 실험의 단점을 보완하기 위한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 기반 연구를 진행하였다. 논문에서는 압타머 후보 서열 발굴을 위한 트랜스포머(Transformer) 기반 압타머-단백질 상호작용 예측 분류 모델을 개발하였고, 이와 유전알고리즘을 이용한 압타머 후보 서열 생성 시스템을 제안한다. 설계한 시스템을 이용하여 뉴클레오타이드 서열을 생성할 수 있었고, 생성된 후보 서열들의 품질 측정을 위해 ZDOCK 분자 구조 도킹 시뮬레이션을 이용하였다. 그 결과, 생성된 후보 서열들이 실제 압타머들보다 도킹 점수가 비슷하거나 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

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