泰安地域 巫俗文化의 特徵 硏究

신상구 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 국학연구원 2011 선도문화 Vol.10 No.-

태안지역은 충남의 북서쪽에 위치한 농어촌으로, 예로부터 무속이성행했고, 무속의 원형(原型, prototype)이 비교적 잘 보존되어 있다. 2010년 10월 25일 현재 태안지역에는 약 98명의 무속인들이 거주하고 있는 것으로 추정되고 있다. 그들 중 설문에 응한 67명의 성별 분포를 보면, 여자 무속인이 남자 무속인보다 7:3 비율로 훨씬 더 많은데, 그 이유는 여자 무속인의배우자 중에 백수건달(白手乾達)이 많고, 이미 사별(死別)한 사람이* 국제뇌교육종합대학원 국학과 박사과정386 仙道文化 제 10 권많아 여자 무속인이 가족의 생계를 책임져야 하는데, 여자 무속인이무업(巫業) 외에 마땅하게 취업할 만한 직장이 마련되어 있지 않기때문이다. 그리고 그들은 대부분 앉은굿(sitting exorcism)을 하고 있는데, 내부의 자율적 변화기제를 통해 분회별로 집단적으로 거주하면서 2인 이상 짝패를 이루며 무업(巫業)을 하는 경향이 있다. 또한 그들은 대부분 굿만 해가지고는 생계유지가 어려워 굿도 하고 점(占)도치며, 때로는 주술(呪術, magic)과 금기(禁忌, taboo)도 사용하고 있다. 태안지역의 대부분의 무속인들은 빈농(貧農) 출신으로 학력(學歷)이 매우 낮아, 무속인 67명 중 무학이 42명으로 무려 61.8%를 차지하고 있고, 초등학교 졸업자가 9명으로 13.2%를 차지하고 있다. 따라서그들은 안목(眼目)이 좁고, 역사의식(歷史意識)이 결여되어 있으며,경을 제대로 잘 읽지 못한다. 그리고 그들은 고려시대, 조선시대, 일제시대, 군사독재시대를 거치면서 음사(淫事) 또는 미신(迷信, superstition)이라 하여 온갖 탄압을 많이 받아 아직도 천민의식이 강해 신분 노출을 꺼리는 경향이있다. 그런데, 최근 무속인들의 고령화 현상으로 2010년 10월 25일 현재태안지역의 무속인 67명 중 61세 이상의 고령자는 57명으로 무려85%를 차지하고 있다. 게다가 산업화와 도시화 과정에서 농어촌이황폐화되고, 40대 이하의 무속인은 거의 찾아볼 수가 없어, 앞으로머지않아 태안지역 무속의 맥이 끊어질 가능성이 아주 높은 편이다. 따라서 무엇보다도 먼저 태안군이 무속인들의 인적 사항과 무속인단체 현황을 정확히 파악하고 경제적 지원을 더욱 더 강화하는 것은물론 태안 국민들을 대상으로 사회교육을 통해 무속의 중요성과 순기능을 인식시켜 무속인에 대한 편견(偏見, bias)을 버리도록 사회적분위기를 조성하는 것이 중요하다고 생각한다. 특히 태안군청에서는 충청남도 중요무형문화재 제24호인 장세일泰安地域 巫俗文化의 特徵 硏究ㆍ辛相龜 387(張世壹, 72세) 법사를 중심으로 설위설경의 전수교육과 관련 사료의보존이 잘 될 수 있도록 어서 빨리 관련 예산을 확보하여 태안읍내에 연건평 200평 정도의 설위설경보존회관을 건립해야 한다고 생각한다. Taean is a farming and fishing community which is located in the northwest of Chungnam province. Nowadays the prototype of shaman is relatively well preserved in Taean. I am estimating that about 98 shamans is residing within Taean area as of October 25, 2010. In terms of gender, 67 shamans of those are female shamans. Female shamans is more than male shaman with 7:03 ratio. Most of woman shamans is engaging in shamanic business for the livelihoods of families. Most of them takes place sitting exorcism not doing standing exorcism. And two or more shamans are living with collective group at Dongmunri and Nammunri of Taean Town. Most of the shamans in Taean have a low level of education. Really 42member of 67 shamans have educational attainment below elementary school. So the shamans who graduated school below elementary school accounted for 61.8%. Therefore, they have narrow perspective and deficient 泰安地域 巫俗文化의 特徵 硏究ㆍ辛相龜 435historical sense. So most of them can not understand and read well gyeongmun(經文). Those who govern in Joseon dynasty and Japanese colonial era and the military dictatorships of the 1960s and 1970s regard shamanism as immoral thing(淫事) or superstitions. So they repressed shamans. And shamans tend to be reluctant to expose their identity. According to the flow of times shaman in Taean is demographically aging rapidly. So shamans over 61 years old account for 85% with 57 of 67 shamans as of October 19, 2010. And shamans below 40 years old almost impossible to find in Taean. Moreover, the farming and fishing community which is the repositorium of traditional culture is being devastated in the process of industrialization and urbanization since 1960 years. So the veins of shamanism is gradually disapeared on a nation-wide scale as well as in Taean. In case of Taean, the society for preserving SulwiSulkyung(設位說經保存會) is composed of 24 members as of August 21, 2010. Only 12members of them take part positively in regular meeting. By the way, the Taean SulwiSulkyung is handed down mainly by the 5shamans such as Jeong hae nam(丁海南)ㆍKim jong il(金鍾一)ㆍCho Bu Won(趙富元) beopsa, Kim Yeon hee(金蓮姬)ㆍHwang ok sun(黃玉淳)bosal. Specially Jang Se il(張世壹) Beopsa has the most wonderful skill of making paper shaman gear by embossed carving techniqe(陽刻技法) in Korea. Really he can make 50 kinds of paper shaman gears, 100 kinds of amulets(符籍). And he can chant 30 kinds of shaman scriptures(巫經) such as chuksagyeongmun(逐邪經文), chugwonmun(祝願文), gasingyeongmun (家神經文), gasinpuri(家神푸리), haewonpuri(解寃푸리), seongjupuri(성주푸리) etc. So he was designated with the number 24th of intangible cultural properties by chungcheongnamdo on July 25, 1998. Jang Se il(張世壹) Beopsa is teaching his disciples systematically how to make paper shaman gear in assembly hall for preserving SulwiSulkyung. However, only Hwang ok sun(黃玉淳) bosal is taking part in Sulwi-Sulkyung lecture opened Jang Se il(張世壹) Beopsa almost every day. So nowadays Taean SulwiSulkyung is not passed down well to his disciples. For that reason, unfortunately paper shaman gear is disappearing gradually. Therefore, I think Taeangun has to construct the assembly hall for preserving SulwiSulkyung more broader than 200pyeong(坪) which 30shamans can teach and learn how to make paper shaman gear in the near future. Especially because paper shaman gear is to easy to decay, the spoil prevention facilities must be installed in the assembly hall for preserving SulwiSulkyung. And the authorities have to further strengthen economic support to creative and artistic shamans in Taean. Or the authorities must enforce social education to eliminate a bias against shamans. On the other hand the organizations for shamans must create cooperative atmosphere among shamans in Taean. Moreover I think Taeangun has to develope Sulw...

국내 가교시험 2년간의 경험

신상구 대한임상약리학회 2002 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.10 No.2

임상시험과 관련한 문제점 및 개선방향

申相久 대한의학협회 1995 대한의학협회지 Vol.38 No.6

심근 Mitochondria의 $Na^+-Ca^{++}$교환에 관한 연구

신상구,김명석,임정규,Shin, Sang-Goo,Kim, Myung-Suk,Lim, Jung-Kyoo 대한약리학회 1982 대한약리학잡지 Vol.18 No.2

The $Na^+-and\;K^+-induced\;Ca^{++}$ release was measured isotopically by millipore filter technique in pig heart mitochondria. With EGTA-quenching technique, the characteristics of mitochondrial $Ca^{++}-pool$ and the sources of $Ca^{++}$ released from mitochondria by $Na^+\;or\;K^+$ were analyzed. The mitochondrial $Ca^{++}-pool$ could be distinctly divided into two components: internal and external ones which were represented either by uptake through inner membrane, or by energy independent passive binding to external surface of mitochondria, respectively. In energized mitochondria, a large portion of $Ca^{++}$was transported into internal pool with little external binding, while in de-enerigzed state, a large portion of transported $Ca^{++}$ existed in the external pool with limited amount of $Ca^{++}$ in the internal pool which was possibly transported through the $Ca^{++}-carrier$ present in the inner membrane. $Na^+$ induced the $Ca^{++}$ release from both internal pool and external pool and external binding pool of mitochondria. In contrast, $K^+$ did not affect $Ca^{++}$ of the internal pool, but, displaced $Ca^{++}$ bound to external surface of the mitochondria. When the $Ca^{++}-reuptake$ was blocked by EGTA, the $Ca^{++}$ release from the internal pool by $Na^+$ was rapid; the rate of $Ca^{++}-efflux$ appeared to be a function of $[Na^+]^2$ and about 8mM $Na^+$ was required to elicit half-maximal velocity of $Ca^{++}-efflux$. So it was revealed that $Ca^{++}-efflux$ velocity was particulary sensitive to small changes of the $Na^+$ concentration in physiological range. Energy independent $Ca^{++}-binding$ sites of mitochondrial external surface showed unique characteristics. The total number of external $Ca^{++}-binding$ sites of pig heart mitochondria was 29 nmoles per mg protein and the dissociation constant(Kd) was $34{\mu}M$. The $Ca^{++}-binding$ to the external sites seemed to be competitively inhibited by $Na^+\;and\;K^+$; the inhibition constant(Ki) were 9.7 mM and 7.1 mM respectively. Considering the intracellular ion concentrations and large proportion of $Ca^{++}$ uptake in energized mitochondria, the external $Ca^{++}-binding$ pool of the mitochondria did not seem to play a significant role on the regulation of intracellular free $Ca^{++}$ concentration. From this experiment, it was suggested that a small change of intracellular free $Na^+$ concentration might play a role on regulation of free $Ca^{++}$ concentration in cardiac cell by influencing $Ca^{++}-efflux$ from the internal pool of mitochondria.

조기임상시험시 약동학/약력학 통합개념의 응용

신상구 大韓臨床藥理學會 1993 臨床藥理學會誌 Vol.1 No.2

부자 Butanol Fraction이 가토 심장근 Microsomal $Na^+-K^+$-activated ATPase 활성도에 미치는 영향

신상구,임정규,박찬웅,김명석,Shin, S.G.,Lim, J.K.,Park, C.W.,Kim, M.S. 대한약리학회 1976 대한약리학잡지 Vol.12 No.1

Aconiti tuber butanol fraction shows positive inotropic effect on the isolated atrium of rabbit heart. To investigate the mechanism, the effect on microsomal ATPase activity of rabbit heart is observed. The microsomal fraction which contains the $Na^+$- and $K^+$-activated ATPase in the presence of $Mg^{++}$ is isolated from the left ventricle of rabbit heart. The microsomal ATPase activity is maximally stimulated at $Na^+$ and $K^+$ concentration of 100 mM and 10 mM respectively. Microsomal $Na^+-K^+$-activated ATPase is inhibited by ouabain and Aconiti tuber butanol fraction. Ouabain and Aconiti tuber butanol fraction depress $Na^+$-stimulation on microsomal ATPase activity, and the inhibitory effects are not completely reversed at $Na^+$ concentration of 300 mM. Also, $K^+$-stimulation on microsomal ATPase activity is inhibited by ouabin and Aconiti tuber butanol fraction and the inhibitions are not compeletely reversed at $K^+$ concentration of 30 mM. It is, therefore, suggested that the inhibitory effect of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction on the microsomal ATPase activity may contribute to leading to the positive inotropic effect.

다국가 임상시험 참여에 관한 소고

신상구 대한임상약리학회 2002 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.10 No.2

『동경대전』소장 수운 한시 연구

신상구 대동한문학회 2003 大東漢文學 Vol.18 No.-

아우내 장터 항일독립선언서의 역사적 의의와 가치

신상구 충남연구원 2021 열린충남 Vol.93 No.-

양동의 공간적 가치, 그리고 현실적 문제

신상구 경주지역발전협의회 부설 경주발전연구원 2012 경주연구 Vol.21 No.1