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국제사법상 문화재의 기원국법주의(lex originis)에 관한 연구
송호영 한국재산법학회 2013 재산법연구 Vol.30 No.1
Today, a number of legal disputes arise because of the illegal trade in the cultural properties. Once a cultural property is transferred across the border, it features 'foreign element', then norms of private international law will work. The principle to determine the applicable law on the real rights is so called lex rei sitae, which apply the law of country in where the object is located. The conventional orthodoxy is to apply the law of the country in which the transferred cultural property is located for the choosing the applicable law in the foreign affairs concerning return of cultural property, because cultural property is legally a kind of property. Many foreign judgments, which deal with international affairs related to cultural properties, determined the applicable law depending on the lex rei sitae. However, the author suggests so-called lex originis in the foreign disputes concerning return of cultural properties as a new principle of choosing applicable law that can be replaced with lex rei sitae, which, the author thinks, neglects the different characteristics of "cultural" property compared with other "common" property. The reason is that according to lex rei sitae, ownership laundering of cultural property is possible on account of changing the location as a connecting factor to other country, that makes it difficult to return the cultural property. Therefore, in order to overcome these drawbacks, lex originis is reasonable principle of choosing applicable law, which designates the right on cultural property in the light of cultural property protection and international comity. Then, a question about how to establish "origin" of cultural property arise, to which the author suggests nine criteria in this paper. These criteria can be provided as useful determining factors for the meaning of "most significant relationship" Article 8 of current Korean Private International Law. 오늘날 문화재의 불법적인 거래로 말미암아 적지 않은 법적 분쟁들이 발생한다. 문화재가 국경을 넘어 유통되면 '외국적 요소'를 가지게 되어 이때에는 국제사법상의 규범이 작동하게 된다. 물권에 관한 준거법을 정하는 국제사법상 원칙은 목적물이 소재하는 나라의 법을 적용한다는 이른바 목적물소재지법주의(lex rei sitae)이다. 문화재도 법률적 성질상 일종의 물건이므로, 문화재의 반환이 문제된 섭외적 사건에 있어서 준거법을 정하는 기준은 반출된 문화재가 소재하는 국가의 법이 적용된다는 것이 종래의 통설이었다. 다수의 외국판결도 문화재와 관련한 섭외사건에 대해서는 목적물소재지법주의(lex rei sitae)에 따라 준거법을 결정하였다. 그러나 필자는 이에 대해 문화재의 반환이 문제된 섭외적 분쟁에 대해 목적물소재지법주의를 적용하는 것은 문화재가 다른 물건과는 다른 특성을 가지고 있다는 점을 도외시하는 것이며, 그것을 대체할 새로운 준거법지정의 원칙으로 이른바 기원국법주의(lex originis)를 제안하였다. 그 이유는 종래의 목적물소재지법주의에 의하게 되면 연결점인 소재를 다른 곳으로 변경할 수 있으므로 문화재의 소유권세탁이 가능하게 되어 문화재의 반환을 어렵게 하기 때문이다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 극복하고 문화재의 보호와 국제예양의 정신에 비추어볼 때 문화재에 대한 권리를 정하는 준거법의 지정원칙으로는 기원국법주의(lex originis)가 타당하다. 이때 문화재의 '기원'을 어떻게 정할 것인지가 문제되는데, 이에 대해 필자는 본고에서 9가지의 기준을 제시하였다. 이러한 기준은 현행 국제사법 제8조의 '가장 밀접한 관련'의 판단요소로 제공될 수 있다.
송호영 경북대학교 법학연구원 2010 법학논고 Vol.0 No.34
Am 4. Feb. 2009 hat das koreanische Justizministerium Komission für KBGB-Reform gebildet. Deise Kommission gliedert sich insgesamt 6 Abteiligungskommissionen, welche sich auf jede spezielle Themengebiete konzentrieren, Unter denen ist für das Thema über juristische Person die 3. Abtelungskommission zuständig, woran der Verfasser als Kommissionsmitglied teilnimmt. Dieser Aufsatz basiert auf die Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse der Kommission im Rahmen des Rechts juristischer Person. Zur Einleitung stellt Kapitel I Werdegang der Reformarbeit von Kommission vor. Kapitel II beschäftigt sich mit dem wichtigen Inhalt der reformierten Vorschriften des KBGB: Änderung des Gründungssystems juristischer Person(§ 32 KBGB), Neuregelung für nichtrechtsfähige Vereine und Stiftungen(§ 39-2 KBGB), Klarmachung für Übergang des Zugewendeten auf die Stifung(§ 48 KBGB) und Neuregelung für Verschmelzung und Spaltung von nichtwirtschaftlichen juristischen Personen(§ 96-2 bis § 96-15 KBGB). Im Kapitel III erörtert der Verfasser die Problematik, welche sich sehr brisanten Streitpunkt hinter sich verbirgt: Gunndbstimmung der juristischen Person(§ 31 BGB), Ultra vires Prinzip im Sinne von § 34 KBGB und Bestimmung für wirtschaftlichen Verein(§ 39 KBGB). Zum Schluß resümiert der Verfasser Im Kapitel IV langfristige Aufgabe zur Refom des Rechts juristischen Person im KBGB. 본고는 2009년 발족된 민법개정위회에서 안출된 법인편에 관한 주요개정내용을 살펴보고 이에 관한 쟁점 및 문제점 등을 검토하기 위하여 작성된 것이다. 이를 위해 본고는 머리말(Ⅰ.)을 제외하고 3부분으로 나뉘어져 있다. 본고의 Ⅱ.에서는 금번 개정안에서 가장 중요하게 다루어졌던 개정내용들을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그 내용은 법인설립에 있어서 허가주의에서 인가주의로 전환하는 문제, 그동안 판례와 학설에 맡겨져 왔던 비법인사단과 재단에 대한 규정을 신설하는 문제, 민법학에서 물권변동론과 맞물려 논란이 많았던 재단법인의 설립을 위해 출연한 재산의 귀속시기에 관한 규정을 명확히 하는 문제 그리고 특별법에서만 산발적으로 인정되던 비영리법인의 합병과 분할에 관한 규정을 민법전에 신설하는 문제 등이다. 본고의 Ⅲ.에서는 민법개정작업 과정에서 크게 주목받지 못하였지만 필자가 생각하기에 중요한 의미를 가지는 문제들에 대하여 필자의 견해를 피력하였다. 그러한 것으로는 법인성립의 원칙에 관한 민법 제31조의 표현에 관한 문제, 그간 거래안전을 위협하는 요소로 비판받아 오던 ultra vires규정을 민법 제34조에서 삭제하는 문제 그리고 영리법인에 관한 민법 제39조의 개정 또는 삭제여부에 관한 문제 등이다. 여기에서 필자는 민법 제31조의 표현에서 ‘법인’ 대신 ‘단체’라고 대체하고, 민법 제34조에서는 거래안전을 위해 정관목적 범위에 관한 표현을 삭제하고 민법 제39조에서는 상법의 규정에도 불구하고 여전히 존치할 의미가 있다고 주장하였다. 본고의 결론부에 해당하는 Ⅳ.에서는 금번 민법개정작업에서는 미처 검토하지 못하고, 향후의 중장기적인 과제로 남게 된 몇 가지 사항을 언급하면서 본고를 마무리하였다.
송호영 대한영상의학회 1990 대한영상의학회지 Vol.26 No.6
We constructed an expandable endovascular metallic stent in the same way as Gianturco did. Experiments were made to test the ability of these stents to be used in the vessels. A total of 20 stents were passed through a 8.5 French teflon sheath into the normal abdominal aorta, IVC, and iliac artery of four adult dogs for 4 weeks to 12 weeks ; 5 stents (10mm in diameter fully expanded and 20 mm in length) in the abdominal aorta, 7 stents 912 mm/20 mm) in the IVC, and 5 stents (8 mm/20 mm) in the iliac artery. All but two stents showed no migration, and one complete occlusion occurred in right iliac artery of a dog. Histologically, stent wires were covered by neo-intimal proliferation. The side branches of the main vessels remained patent, even with stent wires across their orifices. These metallic stents may be used as an endovascular graft material in the nonsurgical treatment of several forms of vascular disease.
송호영 대한영상의학회 1990 대한영상의학회지 Vol.26 No.5
The diagnosis of esophageal rupture in ballon dilatation is usually made from clinical symptom of sharp chest pain, plain chest radiographs and esophagograms after dilatation. It has some problems ; the pain is varied patients to patients and bacterial flora in the mouth or esophagus can be mixed with the contrast media to flow into the mediastinum during esophagography, to create mediastinitis. We could make the diagnosis of esophageal rupture without using contrast media by the observation of the pressure change in the ballon during dilatation An infusion pump, transducer and esophageal balloon were connected through a multi-way connector, and the transducer of them was also connected to an amplifier which was connected to a pressure monitor to record the balloon pressure. A balloon(20m./3㎝) inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus under the fluoroscopic control was inflated until the esophagus was ruptured. Balloon was distended by injecting air in 15 rabbits(A group), and b injecting diluted contrast medium in 15 rabbits(B group). The pressure decrease after esophageal rupture was ranged from 94 to 160mmHg(mean ; 103) in A group and 340 to 1040 mmHg(mean ; 537 ) in B group. The pressure curve of A group was smooth, regular and so accurate to make the diagnosis of esophageal rupture, whereas that of B group was irregular and not so accurate. In conclusion, our new method to ma다 the diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation may be useful in patients of esophageal stricture. The diagnosis of esophageal rupture in ballon dilatation is usually made from clinical symptom of sharp chest pain, plain chest radiographs and esophagograms after dilatation. It has some problems ; the pain is varied patients to patients and bacterial flora in the mouth or esophagus can be mixed with the contrast media to flow into the mediastinum during esophagography, to create mediastinitis. We could make the diagnosis of esophageal rupture without using contrast media by the observation of the pressure change in the ballon during dilatation An infusion pump, transducer and esophageal balloon were connected through a multi-way connector, and the transducer of them was also connected to an amplifier which was connected to a pressure monitor to record the balloon pressure. A balloon(20m./3cm) inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus under the fluoroscopic control was inflated until the esophagus was ruptured. Balloon was distended by injecting air in 15 rabbits(A group), and b injecting diluted contrast medium in 15 rabbits(B group). The pressure decrease after esophageal rupture was ranged from 94 to 160mmHg(mean ; 103) in A group and 340 to 1040 mmHg(mean ; 537 ) in B group. The pressure curve of A group was smooth, regular and so accurate to make the diagnosis of esophageal rupture, whereas that of B group was irregular and not so accurate. In conclusion, our new method to make the diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation may be useful in patients of esophageal stricture.
송호영 대한영상의학회 1993 대한영상의학회지 Vol.29 No.6
Balloon dacryocystoplasty has been reported to be a safe, easy and effective nonoperative treatment for nasolacrimal stenosis. The results were not encouraging, however, because of its high failure and recurrence rates. To evaluate the feasibility of using modified Gianturco expandable metallic stents for maintenance of the dilated nasolacrimal system (NLS), 20 stents fo 3 mm in diameter and 10mm long were placed in 20 nasolacrimal ducts of 10dogs for 1 month to 10 months. It was more difficult to introduce the stents into the proximal portion(A) of the NLS than into the distal portion(B) due to the narrow and bony canal of the A portion. Twenty stents showed no migration in follow-up studies of up to 10 months. One complete occlusion occurred in a stent placed in A portion. Autopsy showed stents were covered with epithelium withi 2 months after placement. Our experience suggest that the placement of Gianturco self-expandabel stents may be a useful method of dilating and maintaining the luminal diameter of the NLS. although care must be taken to select the proper stent size.
송호영 대한영상의학회 1992 대한영상의학회지 Vol.28 No.4
Three-types of expandable metallic stents were constructed to evaluate the differences between the stents:one, formed in a cylindrical zigzag with stainless steel wire (Gianturco stent). another, made by coating the Gianturco stent with silicone rubber (Silicone stent), the third, made by coating the Gianturco stent with 24 carat gold (Gold stent) for tissuse acceptance. A total of 69 stents (each 23 stents of Gianturco, Silicone, and Gold stents) of 8-12mm in diameter and 20mm long were placed into normal abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and iliac artery of nine adult dogs for 2 weeks to 11 months. It was more difficult to intrcuce Silicone stent into an introducing sheath than Gianturco or Gold stent due to the thickness of silicone rubber. Four Gianturco stents and three Silicone stents showed migration but Gold stent did not. Luminal narrowing or occlusion was noted in 3 Silicone stents, in 2 Gianturco stents, and in 1 Gold stent. Neointimal proliferation over the stent wires was more rapid and even in Gold stent than Silicone or Gianturco stent. Although further study is needed, Gold stent seems to be better than Guanturco or Silicone stent as an endovascular graft material.