Bilateral Cerebral Hemodynamic Response During Unilateral Direct Electrical Stimulation in the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex

송자경,Minah Suh 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.54 No.4

We examined the effects of direct cortical electrical stimulation on the perfusion and the oximetry signals in the whole mouse cortex. An intrinsic optical imaging technique was used to assess the effects of stimulation on cerebral hemodynamics and lateralization. In anesthetized mouse, electrical stimulations with frequencies ranging from 50 to 250 Hz cause bilateral changes in cerebral blood flow and hemoglobin oxygenation signals. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, direct electrical stimulation brings about immediate increases in deoxy hemoglobin concentration and cerebral blood flow. In the contralateral hemisphere, the stimulation also causes immediate weak increases in the deoxy-hemoglobin concentration and immediate intense increases in the blood flow. Overall, the unilateral direct cortical stimulation elicits signicant hemodynamic changes in both the ipsi- and the contralateral sides in the somatosensory cortex of mice and these responses exhibit a frequency dependence. Our data show bilateral hemodynamic changes in the response to electrical stimulation and suggest the likely existence of brain lateralization of neurovascular coupling in the mouse somatosensory cortex. We examined the effects of direct cortical electrical stimulation on the perfusion and the oximetry signals in the whole mouse cortex. An intrinsic optical imaging technique was used to assess the effects of stimulation on cerebral hemodynamics and lateralization. In anesthetized mouse, electrical stimulations with frequencies ranging from 50 to 250 Hz cause bilateral changes in cerebral blood flow and hemoglobin oxygenation signals. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, direct electrical stimulation brings about immediate increases in deoxy hemoglobin concentration and cerebral blood flow. In the contralateral hemisphere, the stimulation also causes immediate weak increases in the deoxy-hemoglobin concentration and immediate intense increases in the blood flow. Overall, the unilateral direct cortical stimulation elicits signicant hemodynamic changes in both the ipsi- and the contralateral sides in the somatosensory cortex of mice and these responses exhibit a frequency dependence. Our data show bilateral hemodynamic changes in the response to electrical stimulation and suggest the likely existence of brain lateralization of neurovascular coupling in the mouse somatosensory cortex.

초등학교 영어 교과서의 연계성 분석:제7차 교육과정의 의사소통 기능문을 중심으로

송자경,윤이정 한국초등영어교육학회 2003 초등영어교육 Vol.9 No.2

This study aims to help Korean EFL teachers better understand the contents of elementary textbooks. Additionally, it intends to guide materials developers to revise and improve elementary textbooks. In the 7th National Curriculum for English education in South Korea, communicative competence is promoted in primary English education. Thus, the contents found in textbooks are based on notional-functional syllabi. When contents are selected and graded for a textbook, organization is an important feature for effective learning. This study categorizes the contents of elementary school English textbooks on the basis of 'communicative functions and their exponents' in the 7th National Curriculum of foreign language. An analysis of how the exponents of a function repeat, deepen, and expand in units and grades is presented. The subjects of the study are all language materials for dialogues, games, songs, chants, and role-plays found in the 3rd to the 6th grade student's textbooks, teacher's guides, CD-ROMs, and audio tapes. The results showed that (1) communicative functions in elementary English textbooks generally show systematic organization through repetiton, expansion, and deepening of exponents of a function; (2) some functions are organixed in a non-systematic way in which exponents of each function need to be supplemented.

중년기 여성 당뇨병 환자의 자기관리

송자경,장수미,최정숙,김연수,정춘희 대한당뇨병학회 2002 임상당뇨병 Vol.3 No.1

연구배경 : 중년기 여성 당뇨병 환자의 자기관리를 위한 프로그램 개발의 방향을 모색하기 위한 선행연구로 자기관리능력에 대한 기초자료를 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 방법 : 당뇨병 환자의 자기관리 역량정도를 연구하기 위해 자기효능감, 사회적지지, 문제해결 능력, 그리고 당뇨병관리의 자기책임의 4부문으로 개념화하여 연구하였다. 연구대상은 내분비내과 외래를 치료받기 위해 방문한 40~60세사이의 중년기여성 당뇨병 환자 37명을 대상으로 하였다. 결과 : 중년기 여성 당뇨병 환자의 자기관리의 역량은 4.0만점 기준 평균이 2.81이었다. 자기관리역량을 구성하는 하위개념으로, 자기효능감 2.93, 사회적지지 2.54, 문제해결능력 2.56, 당뇨병관리의 자기책임 3.22의 각각 평균값으로 나타났다 (1점: 항상 그렇지 않다, 2점: 때때로 그렇지 않다, 3점: 때때로 그렇다, 4점: 항상 그렇다). 이것은 중간정도의 자기관리역량이었다. 당뇨병 환자들은 당뇨병관리의 자기책임을 인식하지만 실제적으로 자기관리를 실행해 나가는데는 능력의 한계와 어려움이 있다. 환자들이 희망하는 교육프로그램에 대한 욕구는 이미 경험한 프로그램내용보다 스트레스 관리, 심리적 어려움, 문제해결, 자신감향상, 가족의 지지 등 다양한 심리 사회적 욕구가 반영된 교육프로그램을 원하였다. 결론 : 중년기 여성 당뇨병 환자들의 자기관리 역량을 강화시키기 위해 자기효능감 증진, 가족 및 사회적 지지의 획득, 문제해결능력 강화, 그리고 당뇨병관리의 자기책임 인식과 동시에 이를 주체적으로 실행할 수 있도록 하기 위한 역량강화 교육프로그램의 개발이 필요하다. Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived level of empowerment of self management in middle aged women with diabetes in order to develop a self management of empowerment education program for diabetes. Method: To study self management of empowerment for diabetes, we classified four concepts such as self efficacy, social support, problem solving and recognized responsibility, which were the components of empowerment. The subjects were 37 middle aged (40~60) women with diabetes who came to be treated their diseases at the endocrinology out patient clinic in a medical center at Wonju City. Results: This study found a low level of empowerment of self management in middle aged women with diabetes. The mean scores for empowerment of self management were 2.81. The sub-concept of empowerment for self efficacy was 2.93, social support, 2.54, problem solving, 2.56, and recognized responsibility of self management, 3.22 (1.0: usually not, 2.0: sometimes not, 3.0: sometimes, 4.0: usua lly). Generally, the results suggest that middle aged women with diabetes have the moderate level of empowerment in self management. Patients with diabetes recognize the responsibility of self control in diabetes, but have difficulties and stresses in managing diabetes. The patients with diabetes presented psycho-social needs which are real programs needed for treating their diabetes such as stress management, psychological difficulties, and family support, etc . Conclusion: It is needed to develop the education programs and intervention strategies to enhance self efficacy, structure family and social support, exercise problem solving for middle aged women with diabetes and obtain subjective responsibility in the performance of self management with diabetes.

Wholebrain Cerebral Hemodynamics during Unilateral Direct Electrical Stimulation in the Somatosensory Cortex of Epileptic Mouse Brains

송자경,Hae-In Chang,조아름,Minah Suh 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.4

We examined large-scale hemodynamic responses during unilateral direct electrical stimulation in the somatosensory cortex of epileptic mouse brains. Epilepsy was induced by focal injection of tetanus toxin into the somatosensory cortex. We used intrinsic signal optical imaging to investigate the changes in perfusion and oximetry signal in the whole brain. In epileptic brains, unilateral stimulation with frequencies ranging from 50 to 250 Hz produces patterns of cerebral hemodynamic responses in the two sides of the somatosensory cortex that are noticeably different from those observed in normal mouse brains in our previous study. During unilateral direct low-frequency electrical stimulation at 50 Hz, a state of moderately increased deoxy-hemoglobin (Hbr) was sustained in the contralateral side of the epileptic somatosensory cortex and was not relieved by an increase in the total hemoglobin (Hbt). Rather, the Hbt increased in the ipsilateral side of the epileptic somatosensory cortex. When high-frequency electrical stimulation at 250 Hz was applied, a state of greatly increased Hbr was sustained in the two sides of the epileptic somatosensory cortex, which suggests that bilateral hypoxia was never relieved by an increase in the Hbt during the electrical stimulation. Quantitatively, the high-frequency stimulation resulted in a 300% larger increase in Hbr in the epileptic brain compared to the low-frequency stimulation while it brought about less than a 50% increase in the fractional change in the level of Hbr compared to the low-frequency stimulation. Our results suggest that cerebral hemodynamic responses upon direct cortical stimulation are dramatically disrupted in the chronically-induced epileptic brain, probably due to the lack or loss of autoregulatory capability. We examined large-scale hemodynamic responses during unilateral direct electrical stimulation in the somatosensory cortex of epileptic mouse brains. Epilepsy was induced by focal injection of tetanus toxin into the somatosensory cortex. We used intrinsic signal optical imaging to investigate the changes in perfusion and oximetry signal in the whole brain. In epileptic brains, unilateral stimulation with frequencies ranging from 50 to 250 Hz produces patterns of cerebral hemodynamic responses in the two sides of the somatosensory cortex that are noticeably different from those observed in normal mouse brains in our previous study. During unilateral direct low-frequency electrical stimulation at 50 Hz, a state of moderately increased deoxy-hemoglobin (Hbr) was sustained in the contralateral side of the epileptic somatosensory cortex and was not relieved by an increase in the total hemoglobin (Hbt). Rather, the Hbt increased in the ipsilateral side of the epileptic somatosensory cortex. When high-frequency electrical stimulation at 250 Hz was applied, a state of greatly increased Hbr was sustained in the two sides of the epileptic somatosensory cortex, which suggests that bilateral hypoxia was never relieved by an increase in the Hbt during the electrical stimulation. Quantitatively, the high-frequency stimulation resulted in a 300% larger increase in Hbr in the epileptic brain compared to the low-frequency stimulation while it brought about less than a 50% increase in the fractional change in the level of Hbr compared to the low-frequency stimulation. Our results suggest that cerebral hemodynamic responses upon direct cortical stimulation are dramatically disrupted in the chronically-induced epileptic brain, probably due to the lack or loss of autoregulatory capability.

가족강점이 간질아동 가족의 적응에 미치는 영향 연구

송자경 한국가족치료학회 2009 가족과 가족치료 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 아동의 간질로 인하여 가족 내 스트레스가 높으리라 예측되는 가족의 적응에 가족강점요인들이 어떻게 기여하는지를 가족탄력성의 관점에서 살펴보고자 하는 목적을 갖고 연구되었다. 연구의 분석은 다중회귀분석을 사용하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족스트레스, 가족통정감, 가족강인성이 포함된 회귀모델은 74.0%의 설명력을 보임으로서 간질아동가족의 적응을 잘 설명하였다. 둘째, 가족스트레스와 가족강점의 가족의 적응에 대한 영향을 분석한 결과에서 가족통정감과 가족강인성의 강점변인들은 가족스트레스와의 관계에서 직접영향을 나타내는 주 효과를 보였다. 셋째, 가족통정감은 가족스트레스와의 상호작용에서 미약하지만 유의한 정적 영향을 나타내는 조절효과를 보였다. 가족강인성의 가족스트레스와의 상호작용 변인은 조절변인으로 기능하지 않았지만 전체 변량의 유의미한 증가를 통한 긍정적 영향을 보였다. 본 연구는 이러한 실증적 분석을 토대로 간질아동가족의 적응 향상을 위한 임상 실천의 방향을 제시하였고, 가족강점의 강화를 위한 개입전략을 제시하였다. Epilepsy, a chronic illness, may cause high levels of psychosocial difficulties for all family members, including stigmatization, stress, marital problems, and restriction of social activities. Through the collection and analysis of survey data from 141 parents seeking medical treatment for their epileptic children, this study investigated the influence of family strength on the adaptiveness of the families. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that 74% of family adaptation could be explained by family stress, family coherence, and family hardiness. In addition, family coherence and family hardiness each had a significant positive effect on family adaptation. The study’s findings suggest that strength-based interventions, focused on increasing family coherence and hardiness, can be effective in improving the adaptation of families with epileptic children.

InfiniBand 연결망 기반 데이터 전송 시 상위 응용에 따른 최적 패킷 크기에 관한 연구

송자경(Jakyung Song),정혜동(Hyedong Jung) 한국통신학회 2015 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.1

간질환자의 우울에 대한 연구: 자기효능감 및 가족강인성과의 관계를 중심으로

송자경 ( Ja Kyung Song ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2009 한국가족복지학 Vol.27 No.-

우울은 다양한 심리사회적 어려움을 경험하는 간질환자의 대표적인 정서문제로서 본 연구는 간질환자의 우울에 대한 자기효능감, 가족강인성과의 관계에 대한 탐색을 목적으로 연구하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 전국에 소재한 5개 간질환자 치료기관을 이용하는 간질환자 70명이었다. 인구사회학적 및 질병특성에 따른 연구변인의 차이를 비교하기 위해 t-test와 ANOVA를 실시하였다. 간질환자의 우울과 자기효능감과 가족강인성의 관계를 파악하기 위해서는 상관관계 검증과 위계적 회귀분석을 이용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 간질환자들의 삶의 어려움은 미래 삶 걱정이 가장 높은 평균점으로 나타났다. 둘째, 간질환자의 우울은 연령, 종교, 결혼상태, 그리고 가족 중 대화상대 수에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 자기효능감은 학력, 소득, 그리고 가족 중 대화상대자 수에 따라 차이가 있었다. 가족강인성은 학력, 가족 수, 가족 수, 가족 중 대화상대 수, 그리고 유병기간에 따라 차이가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 간질환자의 우울은 자기효능감 및 가족강인성과의 관계에서 모두 유의적인 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 넷째, 간질환자의 자기효능감 및 가족강인성이 우울에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 연령, 학력, 종교, 소득, 가족 수, 발작형태, 발작빈도, 유병기간 등을 통제변인으로 두고 분석한 결과 자기효능감과 가족강인성은 모두 우울에 유의미한 부적 영향력을 나타내었다. Among people with epilepsy, mental health problem is common, with an elevated rate of major depression. This study explored how self-efficacy and family hardiness among individuals with epilepsy relate to depression. A structured questionaire was administrated to 70 individuals with epilepsy aged between 20-65years and having epilepsy for more than 1 year`s duration, This research showed that the most serious problem of epilepsy was the worry about future life. Depression of epilepsy differed when they were compared in terms of age, religion, marital status, and the number of family members sharing communication. It also revealed that there were significant correlations between depression, self-efficacy and family hardiness. Using by multiple regression analysis, self-efficacy and family hardiness among adult epilepsy had an significant effect on depression when other variables were controlled. The controlled variables were age, income, educational experiences, seizure type, seizure frequency, and duration of illness. In conclusion, positive self efficacy and family hardiness are important predictors of depression in patients with epilepsy.

간질아동 가족통정감(Family Coherence)과 아동의 사회적응에 관한 연구

송자경 ( Ja Kyung Song ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2005 한국가족복지학 Vol.- No.15

癎疾患者에 對한 家族態度 및 그 力動에 關한 考察

宋子卿 최신의학사 1988 最新醫學 Vol.31 No.4

자기효능감과 가족요인이 성인 간질환자의 자기관리에 미치는 영향

송자경 ( Ja Kyung Song ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2008 한국가족복지학 Vol.24 No.-

간질은 만성 신경계 질환으로, 간질을 갖고 있는 사람들은 약물을 지속적으로 복용하며, 간질을 일으킬만한 스트레스 요인들을 생활 속에서 관리해 나가야 하는 자기관리가 절대적으로 필요하다. 본 연구에 사용한 개념적 틀은 Bandura(1986)의 인간의 행동을 결정짓는 것은 개인의 내적, 환경적, 그리고 행동적 요인들의 상호작용에 의한다는 상호작용(triadic reciprocality) 이론이다. 본 연구는 간질환자의 자기관리를 설명하는 내적변인에 자기효능감, 환경 변인으로 가족통정감과 가족강인성을 주요 연구변인으로 하였다. 다중회귀분석을 통한 연구결과, 자기효능감은 유의미한 정적 영향을 미치는 변인으로 가족통정감 및 가족강인성보다 간질환자의 자기관리를 보다 잘 예측하였다. 또한 자기효능감과 가족요인들이 함께 투입된 모델의 변량은 자기효능감이 단독으로 투입된 경우의 변량보다 간질환자의 자기관리를 보다 더 의미 있게 설명하였다. 본 연구는 간질환자의 자기관리에 있어 자기효능감의 중요한 역할과 함께 가족요인의 의미 있는 영향을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 간질환자의 자기관리에 있어 자기효능감의 강화와 함께 내적, 환경적, 행동적 변인들과의 관계에 대한 보다 정교한 검증과 분석으로 자기관리가 충실히 수행되는 상황에 대한 평가의 필요성을 제기하였다. Epilepsy is a chronic condition; individuals with epilepsy must learn various skills and techniques to control the frequency of their seizures, including taking medications on a regular basis, avoiding situations that cause seizures, and managing stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the self efficacy and family factors effecting self management of individuals with epilepsy. A total of 70 adults with epilepsy visiting the Epilepsy Center and Rose Club were recruited. The framework from Bandera`s (1986) "triadic reciprocality" theory. Self efficacy represented an internal personal factor, family coherence and family hardiness represented an environmental factor, and self-management of epilepsy represented the behavior factor. Using multiple regression analysis, self-efficacy was demonstrated to be a greater predictor of self-management for adults with epilepsy than family coherence and family hardiness. For further study, there is a need for more refined testing and analysis of the relationships between personal, environmental, and behavioral factors to evaluate the conditions under which self-management is enhanced.