청소년 운동선수의 폭력실태 및 괴롭힘에 대한 심리적 반응 연구

송우엽 한국스포츠심리학회 2003 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 청소년 운동선수의 폭력실태 및 괴롭힘에 대한 심리적 반응을 알아보고 폭력을 행사하는 가해자와 폭력을 당하는 피해자의 특성과 원인을 파악하여 이를 예방하는 것이었다. 또한 폭력과 괴롭힘 속에서도 운동을 지속하는 청소년 운동선수들의 심리 상태를 알아보았다. 피험자는 청소년 운동 선수 30명을 대상으로 실시하였으며 운동 종목은 축구 와 농구, 야구 선수로 한정하여 실시하였다. 본 연구는 피험자들에게 반 구조화된 인터뷰의 질의 내용을 녹취하여 선수들의 심리상태를 파악하였고 선수들에 대한 응답 내용은 질적 연구에서 사용하는 귀납적 요인 분석 절차를 사용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 청소년 운동선수들에게 가장 많은 물리적 언어적 폭력을 행사하는 대상은 '지도자'와 '선배집단'이었으며 '부모'도 언어적 폭력에서는 높은 빈도 수를 나타냈다. 그리고 폭력과 괴롭힘을 경험한 청소년 운동선수의 심리적 반응은 가해자에 따라 다양하게 표출되었으며, 폭력 가해자의 특성은 운동 집단에서 운동 수준이 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 습관적으로 폭력을 행사하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 피해자의 특성은 자신에 대한 자아개념이 높고 자신의 주장을 강하게 표현할 때 집단으로부터 괴롭힘을 당하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 폭력과 괴롭힘 속에서도 운동을 지속하는 이유는 자신이 좋아서 운동을 계속한다가 가장 높은 빈도 수를 나타냈다. 이러한 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때 폭력행위는 청소년 운동 선수들에게 심각한 심리적 폐해를 가져다 주는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 폐해를 최소화하고 운동이 교육의 장으로서 기능을 다하기 위해서는 운동현장에서 발생하는 폭력행위에 대한 관심과 대책마련이 절실히 필요한 것으로 나타났다. The primary purpose of the study was to identify the psychological reaction of adolescent athletes to violence and bullying, the characteristics of victims, and the causes of violence. The second purpose of the study was to explore the psychological stress of the adolescent athletes under continuing violence. Thirty athletes participated in the study. The participants were football, basketball and baseball players. Semistructured interviews, which were recoded, were utilized to examine the psychological states of the participants. Inductive factor analysis was used to classify the dimensions of the interview contents. The result indicated that the coaches and senior members showed the worst violence pattern and parents demonstrated higher frequency of verbal violence. The psychological reaction of the athletes depended upon the status in their team. The violence assaulters were usually low in their ability. They showed violence regularly. When victims were high in their self-esteem and assertive, they were more bothered from their coaches and senior members. The reason why the adolescent athletes participated in exercise despite of the violence was simply that they liked their sport. To make summary of the study, violence and bullying brings serious psychological problems to adolescent athletes. Thus, coaches and teachers should pay more attention to them.

청소년기 운동선수의 정체성 발달 및 탈진 원인에 대한 고찰

송우엽 한국코칭능력개발원 2000 코칭능력개발지 Vol.2 No.1

스포츠심리학 : 청소년 운동선수의 탈진 정도와 스트레스 요인에 관한 연구

송우엽(WooYoupSong),김승철(SeungChulKim) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.2

본 연구는 청소년 운동선수들의 운동탈진의 강도를 알아보고 스트레스 요인을 분석하여 지도자들에게 청소년 운동선수들을 지도하는데 도움을 주기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 중·고등학교 축구, 농구, 야구선수 279명이며 운동경력은 3.2년이고 운동시간은 주당 34시간이다. 청소년들의 운동 탈진 강도는 고등학교 선수들이 중학교 선수들보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 중·고등학교 선수들에게 있어서 개인에 대한 성취감은 낮게 나타나 높은 탈진현상을 보였다. 또한 청소년 운동 선수들의 스트레스 요인으로는 훈련과 시합에 대한 부담감, 지도자의 코칭스타일에 대한 불만, 부정적인 대인관계, 운동에 따른 개인적 손실, 학업 및 진로걱정, 실패 및 처벌의 두려움 등으로 나타났다.본 연구는 청소년들의 탈진 강도와 스트레스 요인을 논의하고 운동스트레스에 따른 탈진 예방을 위한 제언을 하였다. The purpose of the study was to examine the level of exercise burnout of youth athletes and help coaches and physical educators give some directions for youth athletes. The number of subjects was 279 junior and senior high school students from soccer, basketball, and baseball teams. The period of exercise experience was 3 years and 2 months. The average practice period was 34 hours per week. High school athletes had higher level of exercise burnout than junior high school athletes. The athletes with higher burnout level showed less achievement motivation score. The factors that make athletes feel anxious were pressure from practice and game, unsatisfactory coaching style, negative relationship with significant others, and personal losses such as time, money, and friendship, and fear of failure and punishment. The researcher wants to make some suggestions to prevent youth athletes from exercise burnout and have higher achievement motivation.

스트레스 유형에 따른 청소년 운동선수들의 탈진

김경원,송우엽 한국스포츠심리학회 2001 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.12 No.1

학회 창설 10 주년기념 / 제 2 부 : 청소년 운동선수의 탈진 정도와 스트레스요인에 관한 연구

김승철,송우엽 한국스포츠심리학회 1999 한국스포츠심리학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.- No.2

한국 스포츠심리학 현장적용의 선구자 신동성 박사 재조명

김병준,송우엽,한명우,박지훈 한국스포츠심리학회 2019 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the research activity and the endeavor of Dr. Dongsung Shin who has done a role as a pioneer in the field of applied sport psychology during the early developing stage of Korean sport psychology. Methods: Interviews and document analysis were utilized. To ensure trustworthiness of the data, peer-review, study participants-review, and triangulation were performed. Results: The analyses resulted in three categories: (a) role of promotion of sports science in 1980s, (b) a pioneering role for application of sport psychology, and (c) contribution to the development of Korean sport psychology. Dr. Shin contributed to the foundation of Ministry of Sports while he was in the Sports Science Institute, the development of scouting young players for the Seoul Olympics, and setting up the standard of physical strength test for the Korea Military Academy and the Blue House Presidential Security Service. He started consulting using psychological measures for golf and other sports. He has made substantial accomplishments in the field through international collaboration for applied work and preparation of the counseling system. In addition, he was the first scholar who started the public commentary using sport psychology knowledge. Conclusion: His approach and orientation toward applied sport psychology in Korea during 1980s and 1990s was ahead of time. Contemporary scholars in our filed should not only appreciate his legacy as a pioneer, but also enhance our capabilities in the areas of research, measurement development, consulting, training, and coaching.

청소년의 여가 활동이 심리적 행복감에 미치는 영향

박상욱,김목수,송우엽 성균관대학교 1998 스포츠과학논집 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the Effects of Leisure Activity on Psychological Well-Being in Juvenile. Subjects of this study were sampled 221 middle school students(93 male, 128 female). Statistics employed in this study were ANOVA and multiple range test(Scheffe). Cognitive - Emotional State Questionere was used to test Psychological Well-Being that was developed Yang(1996). Results were as follows. First, Participation rate of leisure activity in middle school students was 58.8% of subjects and rate of the type of leisure activity was that sport-related activity was 32.3%, hobby-related activity was 13.8%, inspection-related activity was 28.5%, social intercourse-related activity was 7%, sightseeing-related activity was 5.4%, play-related activity was 26%. Second, there was not difference in Psychological Well-Being as a function of sex. But male subjects evaluated the Psychological Well-Being high than female subjects. Third, Psychological Well-Being as a function of grade was appeared that first grade students feel high Psychological Well-Being than other grades. Forth, Students who participated in leisure activity perceived high Psychological Well-Being than no-participators. Fifth, Psychological Well-Being according to the type of leisure activity was appeared highly in the hobby-related activities and sporty-related activities.

A Causal Model of Overtraining, Stress Appraisal, Burnout, and Mood States in JuniorHigh School Varsity Athletes: A Preliminary Study

유생열(YooSeang-Leol),송우엽(SongWoo-Yeob) 한국체육학회 2001 한국체육학회지 Vol.40 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 Smith (1986)와 Maslach과 Leiter (2000)가 제안한 모형을 스포츠 현장에서 확인하는 예비적 연구를 실시하는 일이었다. 312명의 중학교 선수들이 연구에 참여했으며 이중 과 훈련 점수에서 평균점수 이상인 선수 142명만이 본 연구에서 피험자로 선정되었다. 과훈련, 지각된 스트레스, Maslach의 탈진 질문지, 기분상태 질문지 (POMS)가 본 연구에서 도구로 사용되었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 모형은 과훈련은 지각된 스트레스에 영향을 미치며 이것은 또한 탈진에 영향을 미치고, 탈진은 개인의 기분 상태와 인과적 관계가 있는 모형이었다. 구조 방정식 모형이 설정된 가설을 검증하는데 사용되었으며 이 연구의 통계적 분석은 AMOS 3.62프로그램을 사용하여 수행하였다. 모형의 적합도를 검증하기 위해 카이자승을 비롯한 다양한 지수들이 참조되었으며 전체적으로 모형은 데이터에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 과훈련과 지각된 스트레스간의 경로는 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 지각된 스트레스가 탈진에 미치는 영향도 유의하게 나타났다. 또한 탈진과 기분상태는 .05 수준에서 인과적 관계를 보여 주었다. 전체적으로 회귀계수는 신뢰할만한 수준이었으나 차후 연구에서는 보다 많은 변인들이 포함되어 지도록 함이 요구된다. The purpose of the study was to perform a preliminary research to confirm the model Smith (1986) and Maslach and Leiter (2000) proposed in athletic context. Three hundreds and twelve junior high school varsity athletes participated in the study. Of the participants, 142 athletes who got more than average overtraining score were selected as subjects in the study. Overtraining, Perceived stress, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Profile of Mood States inventories were used as instruments. The model proposed in the study was that overtraining contributed perceived stress, which in trim affected burnout. Burnout has a causal relationship to mood states. Structural equation modeling was utilized to assess the hypothesized model. The statistical analysis in this study was carried out utilizing procedures from AMOS 3.62 program. From the model-fitting statistics including chi-square, goodness-of-fit test, and the various fit indices for the specified model, the model did comparatively fit the data. The path between overtraining and perceived stress reached significance. The direct effect of perceived stress on burnout was also significant. Burnout also significantly affected mood states. Overall, the regression coefficients were acceptable. However, more variables should be included in the prospective study.

필드하키 선수들이 경험하는 스트레스 상황과 대처방법

심향보(Sim Hyang-Bo),송우엽(Song Woo-Yeob),김효찬(Kim Hyo-chan) 한국체육과학회 2003 한국체육과학회지 Vol.12 No.2

This study aims to survey stress among both male and female field hockey players, and the coping methods that they use. In this way the study aims to provide basic data that will contribute to the enhancement of their performance. The case studies are 131 players from Korea's business and college teams. All teams are registered with the Korea Field Hockey Association. The survey makes use of the Stress Situation Questionnaire, which was developed in 1996 by Io Chang-nam, A simple frequency analysis was carried out to discover the research object. A subsequent independent t-test was carried out to determine the difference between sexes where the causes of stress and methods of relief were concerned. The meaningful level for all statistical figures are set on p<.05. The result of this study is as follows: First, factors that caused stress situation among male hockey players included the match result (the most important), followed by exercise, interpersonal relationships, stress during the match, leisure, stress during training, socializing, and stress before the match begins. The list is in descending order. For female hockey players, the most important stress situation was exercise, followed by match results, leisure, interpersonal relationships, stress during training, stress during the match and before match, and socializing. The list is likewise in descending order. In comparing the difference in stress situations between male and female hockey players, it was discovered that the following situation: before the match, during leisure activities, and during training, there was a statistically meaningful difference (p<.05) between male and female players. It was also discovered that the most important stress relieving method among male hockey players was examination of its causes. This is followed by compensation, engaging in hobbies, avoidance, and having conversations, in descending order. Among female hockey players, the most important method in relieving stress was discovered to be also an examination of its causes, engaging in hobbies, avoidance, compensation, and having conversation, in descending order. Lastly, when having hobbies and compensation methods (as stress coping methods) were compared between male and female hockey players, it was discovered that there was a statistically meaningful difference (p<.05) between them.

스포츠 심리학 : 스포츠에 대한 정체성 발달과정의 이론적 고찰 : 교육적, 발달심리적 관점을 중심으로

김경원(KimKyung-Won),송우엽(SongWoo-Yeob) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.2

경쟁스포츠에서 청소년의 중도 포기에 관한 최근의 연구들에 따르면 중도 포기율은 사춘기에 접어들어 급증한다. 이러한 현상은 과학적으로 이해의 어려움이 있기는 하지만 중도 포기자들이 스포츠에 참여하는 동안 스포츠에 대한 정체성을 발달시키지 못한 원인에 있다고 볼 수 있다.Erikson의 정체성에 대한 이론은 사춘기의 많은 청소년들이 어떠한 이유로 스포츠로부터 등을 돌리는가를 이해하는데 도움을 준다. Erikson에 따르면, 사춘기에서의 중도 포기는 이미 6-12세 사이의 연령단계에서 경험된 스포츠 사회화과정에 그 원인이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 발달단계에서 아동들은 경쟁상황에서의 계속적인 실패경험을 통해 쉽게 열등감을 가질 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 열등감에 대한 반응으로서 행동적 표출은 이러한 연령단계가 아닌 사춘기에 들어서야 비로소 나타나게 된다. 이러한 발달상의 특성을 토대로 해서 볼 때, 경쟁스포츠에서의 사회화경험은 어린 선수들에게 대단히 중요하다고 생각된다. 특히 스포츠에서의 성공경험은 스포츠에 대한 정체성을 발달시키는데 대단히 중요한 역할을 한다.일반적으로 사춘기의 청소년들은 관심 대상에 있어서 상당히 다양한 면을 보이고 있으나, 단지 일원적이며 강압적으로 이루어진 스포츠에 대한 정체성으로 인해 제도화된 경쟁스포츠는 그들의 이러한 욕구를 충족시키지 못하고 있다. 그러나 스포츠에서의 다원적 정체성은 청소년들에게 자신들의 다양한 욕구를 충족시킬 수 있는 기회를 제공함으로서 그들이 스포츠에서 발전하는데 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다.교육적 관점에서 코치의 질적 향상뿐 아니라 경쟁스포츠의 제도적 개선을 위한 노력이 아동과 청소년의 발달상황에 맞는 경쟁스포츠의 제도적 확립을 위해 절실히 요구된다. 이러한 노력을 통해 엘리트 스포츠의 안정된 토대가 마련될 수 있을 것이다. Current research to the drop-out in competitive sport with children and youths has shown that in the age of puberty the drop-out rate increases to a large extent. This phenomenon is scientifically not easy to understand, but can be interpreted that during the sport participation drop-outs could not develop the identity with sport. The concept of identity of Erikson, an American psychoanalyst, helps us understand, why the youths in the age of puberty turn on a large scale his back upon a sport.According to Erikson, the drop-out in the age of puberty results from the socialization process of the younger participants in the age of 6 to 12 years. In this developmental period, the children develop the inferiority complex easily, when they experience failure successively in competitive situations. Erikson pointed out that a behavioral response to the inferiority complex is not exhibited in this age stage, but only in the age of puberty. On the basis of this developmental characteristic, the socialization in competitive sport is of a great importance to the younger children. Especially, the experiences of success in sport settings play a very important role for the development of identity with sport.In general, the puberscents can be characterized by varied behavioral interests. But the institutionalized competitive sport can not meet these needs, because of the unwillingly developed one-dimensional self-concept. But the concept of a multi-dimensional identity or self-concept in sport can have a positive influence on the development of the younger sport participants, because it can give them a chance to meet their needs.From the pedagogical point of view, we have to make a great effort not only to improve of the coaches quality, but also to reform the competitive sports with children and youths. By this means, the stable basis for the elite sports can be produced.