자연과학 - Disciplinary Sport Biomechanics - : 멀리뛰기의 발구름 동작과 기록간의 관계

배성제,신인식 ( Sung Jee Bae,In Sik Shin ) 한국체육학회 1995 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.1995 No.-

도움닫기 거리의 변화가 초등학교 아동의 멀리뛰기 발구름 동작에 미치는 영향

배성제 ( Sung Jee Bae ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2011 한국초등교육 Vol.22 No.3

본 연구는 초등학교 아동을 대상으로 멀리뛰기 도움닫기 거리 변화(15m, 25m, 30m)에 따른 발구름 동작 형태간의 관계를 규명하고, 아동의 발달학적 측면에서 초등학교 학생의 멀리뛰기 동작의 정량적인 자료를 확보하여 초등학교 현장에서 효율적인 멀리뛰기 지도 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 멀리뛰기 동작 분석은 DLT를 이용한 3차원 영상 분석법을 이용하였고 저역통과필터(Lowpass Filter)방법에 의해 스무딩(smoothing)하였으며, cut off frequency는 6.0 Hz로 하여 3차원 좌표 값을 계산하였다. 멀리뛰기의 발구름 동작을 개선하여 최대의 도약 거리를 획득하기 위해서는 구름발이 이지(離地)하는 순간에 신체 중심을 높게 하고 도약 속도를 줄이지 않도록 하면서 최적 도약 각도를 유지하는 것이 효율적인 동작이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 도움닫기와 발구름 준비 단계에서 획득한신체 중심의 속도를 줄이지 않고 구름발이 지면에 떨어지는 순간까지 유지를 하면서 최적의 도약 각도로 도약하기 위해서는 구름발의 순발력이 매우 중요한 요인으로 작용한다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 도약 속도를 최대한 유지하면서 최적의 도약 각도에 접근한 도움닫기 거리는 25m로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 초등학교 체육수업 현장에서 멀리뛰기 기술을 지도할 때 멀리뛰기동작에 대한 정확한 진단 및 평가를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 경기력 향상 측면에서 초등학교 멀리뛰기 선수 및 코치들에게 멀리뛰기 운동 수행을 개선시킬 수 있는 자료를 제공할 것으로 기대된다. The long jump motion is considered as simple projectile motion, the flight distance is determined by the initial state of athlete`s motion which include the take off velocity, take off angle, angular momentum at the moment of takeoff. However, due to the construction of human body distinctive movement patterns during the run-up, takeoff, flight, and landing phases are evolved. This study was conducted to investigate the long jump takeoff motion effect of 15m, 25m, and 35m run-up distance by performed elementary school athletes. Sixteen elementary school male athletes who achieved at least the 3rd place in the long jump at the Korea Gangwon-Do elementary school track and field meetings were selected as subjects. The long jump motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 8mm cameras at the nominal speed of 90 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. KWON 3D motion analysis package program was used to compute the 3 Dimensional coordinates, smoothing factor in which the lowpass filtering method was used and cutoff frequency was 6.0 Hz. The movement patterns during foot touchdown and takeoff for takeoff phase were related with the biomechanical consideration. Within the limitations of this study it is concluded:At 25m run-up distance, the takeoff velocity in long jump was the fastest. The body C.O.G(Center of Gravity) height should be raised at the instant of leg touchdown and takeoff during the running than 35m run-up distance. As increase the takeoff velocity, while taking a slightly greater body lean angle within the range of the subject`s long jump motion during takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff phase would reult in greater flight distance. And, when the run-up distance was 25m, the angular velocity of foot joint torsion increase. The angular velocity of foot joint torsion of the 25m run-up distance is larger than that of other run-up distance at touchdown and takeoff phase. In order to get rid of the joint injuries, as the takeoff velocity increase, the supination must be increased. Also, as the takeoff velocity increase, the angular velocity of Achilles tendon increase at the touchdown and takeoff phase. Because the increasing takeoff velocity make up ankle ligament injuries, we need to thicken the portion of the metatarsal a litter bit when the long jumper`s shoes selected. And, as the takeoff velocity increase, the shank angular velocity with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity should be increased during the takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff. Therefore, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the foot should be performed during the takeoff-foot touchdown and takeoff phase.

초등학생의 12주 방과 후 야구 수업을 통한 던지기 동작의 Kinematic 변인 변화

배성제 ( Sung Jee Bae ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2016 한국초등교육 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구는 개인의 던지기 동작 특성 분석과 숙련자와 비숙련자 등 두 집단의 단순 동작 비교 연구가 아닌 종단적 연구로 성장기 초등학교 아동을 대상으로 12 주 동안의 방과 후 야구 수업 및 트레이닝을 통하여 던지기 동작이 어떻게 학습되어지고 변화하였는지 분석하고자 수행되었다. 운동학 적인 분석 변인으로는 공의 속도, 상지 및 몸통의 분절 각도 및 각속도, 각 분절의 기여도를 비교· 분석하였다. 영상 장비는 Qualisy 동작 분석 장비의 적외선 카메라 3대(Qualisys medical AB, Sweden)와 실험한 영상을 분석하기 위한 장비로 Visual3D 프로그램을 활용하였다. 연구대상자는 초등학생 고학년(5-6학년)을 대상으로 근 골격계에 이상이 없는 남학생 14명을 선정하였다. 분석 변인의 추출은 DLT 3차원 영상분석법을 활용하였으며, 연구 결과를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 12주 수업 전보다 수업 진행 후 릴리즈 시 공의 속도와 신체 중심의 속도를 증가시켰으며, 던지기 가속 구간(Acceleration phase)에서 소요 시간을 줄여 공의 속도를 크게 증가시키는데 기여하였다. 12주의 야구수업이 최대 팔꿈치 신전각과 최대 상완 외측 회전의 절대 값, 최대 팔꿈치 각속도 (Max elbow angular velocity)의 크기를 증가시키는데 기여하였으며, 이러한 동작 경향성이 공의 투사 속도를 증가시키는 것으로 사료된다. 그리고 12주 야구 수업을 진행 한 후에 던지기 동작의 가속 구간에서 이마와 오른손가락 사이의 전후 거리가 증가되었고, 팔꿈치가 신전된 경향성을 보였으며, 공이 진행하는 방향에 대해 골반을 수직으로 세우는 동작을 취하는 변화가 나타났다. 한편, 12주 야구 수업 전·후 릴리즈 순간 손 끝 속도에 대한 왼쪽 하퇴의 기여도는 전방 손 끝에 대한 속도에 부정적 영향을 보이는 반면에 오른쪽 전완 및 오른쪽 손의 기여도가 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 이 동작의 변화는 왼다리의 축을 안정적으로 유지함과 동시에 몸통이 전방으로 더 회전할 수 있도록 해주어 던지는 팔의 상완과 전완 그리고 손에 더 많은 운동 에너지를 전달할 수 있기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 12주 야구 수업 후에 릴리즈 순간에 손 끝 속도에 대한 전완과 손의 기여도의 유의미한 변화는 공의 투사 속도를 증가시키는데 긍정적인 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of over-arm throwing motion in baseball after 12 weeks of participation in baseball class. This investigation examined the kinematic parameter of ball speed, trunk and upper body angles and the contribution of body segments to the ball velocity. The comparison was with 14 elementary students that haven``t had any experience in baseball. 3 infra red cameras used to collect the data, the Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final of data extration. Within the limitation of this study it is concluded: 1. There was an increase in the velocity of the ball at release point after 12 weeks of participation in baseball the class. 2. The ball release point was lower and more in front after 12 weeks of participation in baseball the class. 3. There was an increase in the max shoulder external rotation and max elbow angular velocity at the acceleration phase after 12 weeks of participation in baseball the class. 4. There was an increase in the knee and elbow flexion at the left foot landing and release point after 12 weeks of participation in baseball the class. 5. There was an increase in the pelvis angle after 12 weeks of participation in baseball the class. 6. There was an increase in the contribution of the fore-arm and hand to ball velocity, but there was an decrease in the contribution of the shank to ball velocity.

달리기시 최고 속도 및 피로 구간의 3차원 동작 분석

배성제 ( Sung Jee Bae ) 한국운동역학회 2006 한국운동역학회지 Vol.16 No.4

영상 분석을 통한 초등학생의 수직 거리 도전 활동 Fosbury Flop과 Straddle 기술 비교 분석

배성제 ( Sung Jee Bae ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2012 한국초등교육 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구는 높이뛰기 기술이 고정화되기 이전의 초등학교 남학생을 대상으로 수직 거리 도전 활동인 높이뛰기 기술 중에서 Straddle 기술과 Fosbury Flop 기술의 동작을 비교 분석하여 효율적인 높이뛰기 기술지도 모형을 제시하고자 하였다. 높이뛰기 기슬 분석은 DLT를 이용한 3 차원 영상 분석법을 이용하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻어진 결과의 요약과 결론은 다음과 같다. 1) Fosbury Flop 기술이 Straddle 기술을 구사할 때보다 구름발 도약 시에 무게 중심의 수직 속도가 빠르게 나타나 높이뛰기 기록에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 2) 구름발이 지면에서 도약하는 순간에 Straddle 기술보다 Fosbury Flop 기술을 구사할 때 무게 중심이 높은 경향이 있는데 이러한 동작은 수직 도약 거리에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 보여 진다. 따라서, 학교 현장에서 Fosbury Flop 기술을 지도할 때 발구름 후반기에 무게 중심을 높게 유지하기 위해서는 추진 다리(lead leg) 의 무릎을 최대한 높이면서 지지 발(support leg) 의 무릎 관절각을 최대한 크게 유지하도록 지도하는 것이 효율적이다. 3) 높이뛰기 발구름 동작에서 추진 다리를 전상 방향으로 크게 차올리고, 구름발의 무릎 관절을 다소 크게 유지시켜 신체 중심을 최대한 높이고 신체 후경각을 연구대상자의 동작 범위 내에서 다소 크게 유지하는 동작이 효율적이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 구름발이 이지하기 직전에는 하퇴 각속도는 부적 상태(ω<0) 가 시작되면서 Straddle 기술보다 Fosbury Flop 기술을 구사할 때 더 큰 활동적 착지(active landing) 형태를 보이는데, 구름발이 착지하는 순간의 활동적 착지 동작은 후방으로의 제동력(bracking force) 을 증가시켜 수직 상승력을 높이는데 기여하는 것으로 보인다. This study was conducted to investigate the motion characteristics analysis between straddle style and forsbury style performed by elementary school students for the purpose of improving jumping height. Sixteen elementary school male students were selected as subjects. The high jump motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 8mm high speed cameras at the nominal speed of 90 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. KWON 3D motion analysis package program was used to compute the 3 Dimensional coordinates, smoothing factor in which low pass filtering method was used and cutoff frequency was 6.0 Hz. The movement patterns during foot touchdown and takeoff for the takeoff phase of high jump motion were related with the biomechanical consideration. It was found that; In order to increase flight vertical distance in the forsbury style technique, several conditions must be fullfilled at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff during takeoff phase. First, the takeoff velocity should be fast at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Second, the body C.O.G(Center of Gravity) height should be lowered at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and should be raised at the instant of takeoff(Power Flop Style). Third, the lead leg and both arms contribute to increases of vertical ground reaction forces of the takeoff phase. Fourth, the foot contact time should be shortened during takeoff phase. Forth, taking a slightly greater takeoff leg knee angle and body lean angle within the range of the subject`s motion during the takeoff phase would result in greater vertical flight distance. Fifth, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the takeoff foot should be performed during the takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Lastly, the total forward angular momentum with respect to a vertical axis through the center of gravity should be increased during the takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff by double-arm action.

초등학생의 거리 도전활동 젖혀뛰기(Hang) 및 힛치-킥(Hitck-Kick) 기술의 교수단서

배성제(Sung Jee Bae) 한국체육교육학회 2011 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 수평거리 도전활동인 멀리뛰기 기술 중에서 젖혀뛰기(Hang) 기술과 힛치-킥(hitch-kick) 기술과의 운동학적 변인을 비교 분석하여 효율적인 멀리뛰기 기술 모형을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 과거에 멀리뛰기의 젖혀뛰기와 힛치-킥 기술을 지도 받은 적이 없으며, 두 가지 기술에 숙달되지 않은 초등학교 남학생 30명을 대상으로 1개월 동안 두 가지 기술을 연습하여, 젖혀뛰기와 힛치-킥 두 가지 기술에 익숙해진 학생 중에서 구름발이 왼쪽발인 12명을 무작위로 선정하였다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 발구름 구간에서의 신체 중심의 이동 및 멀리뛰기 동작 형태를 분석하였으며, 멀리뛰기의 발구름 동작은 DLT를 이용한 3차원 영상 분석법을 이용하였다. 힛치-킥 기술이 젖혀뛰기 기술을 구사할 때보다 구름발 착지와 도약시에 신체 중심의 속도가 빠르게 나타나 멀리뛰기 기록에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 연구대상자의 동작 범위 내에서 도약 속도가 빠른 힛치-킥 기술이 신체 후경각은 작고, 신체 후경각은 크게 유지하는 경향성을 보였다. 따라서 연구 대상자의 동작 범위내에서 구름발이 착지하는 순간에 신체 후경각을 작게 유지하는 것이 기록에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있으며, 신체 후경각을 최소화하는 동작은 발구름 구간 후반기에서 수평 속도의 감소율을 줄이는 동작으로 판단된다. When the long jump motion is considered as simple projectile motion, the flight distance is determined by the initial state of athlete`s motion which include the takeoff velocity, takeoff angle, angular momentum at the moment of takeoff. However, due to the construction of human body distinctive movement patterns during the run-up, takeoff, flight, and landing phases are evolved. This study was conducted to investigate the long jump motion in the Hang style and the Hick-kick style of Distance Challenge Activity by performed elementary school students. Twelve elementary school male students were selected as subjects. The long jump motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 8mm high speed cameras at the nominal speed of 90 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. KWON 3D motion analysis package program was used to compute the 3 Dimensional coordinates, smoothing factor in which lowpass filtering method was used and cutoff frequency was 6.0 Hz. The movement patterns during foot touchdown and takeoff for the takeoff phase of long jump motion were related with the biomechanical consideration. It was found that: The mean takeoff velocity of the subjects at the instant of takeoff was 5.45±0.61m/s in the Hang style and was 5.68±0.31m/s in the Hick-kick style and the mean height of takeoff of the center of gravity at the instant of takeoff was 0.84±0.14m which is equivalent to 54.1±1.9% of the mean height of the subjects in the Hang style and was 0.88±0.19m which is equivalent to 57.5±1.2% of the mean height of the subjects in the Hick-kick style. The mean takeoff angle at the instant of takeoff was 24.4±3.8° in the Hang style and was 21.3±4.9° in the Hick-kick style. Therefore, In order to increase flight distance in the long jump, the Hick-kick style technique named according to the number of in-the-air strides involved perform than the Hang style long jump technique. Within the limitations of this study it is concluded: In order to increase flight distance the Hick-kick style technique, several conditions must be fullfilled at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff during takeoff phase. First, the takeoff velocity should be fast at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Second, the body C.O.G(Center of Gravity) height should be raised at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Third, the foot contact time should be shortened during takeoff phase and the takeoff distance should be increased at the of takeoff. Forth, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the takeoff foot should be performed during the takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Lengthening the takeoff distance while taking a slightly greater takeoff leg knee angle and body lean angle within the range of the subject`s motion during the takeoff phase would result in greater flight distance.

아동의 무용 및 스포츠 참가가 회복탄력성과 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

배성제 ( Bae Sung-jee ) 한국리듬운동학회 2020 한국리듬운동학회지 Vol.13 No.2

This study aimed to analyze effects of elementary students’ participation in dance and sports clubs on their resilience and self-efficacy. The subjects were 5-6 grade students (males: N=209, females: N=210) at ten elementary schools in S City and G Province who were active in after-school sports and dance clubs. The major findings are as follows. First, the resilience of the dance group children increased, showing higher sociality and self-positivity than the non-participant group at a significant level. That is, the number of students’ participation in dancing in a month increased, the higher their sociality and self-positivity went up. Secondly, the sports group children showed significantly higher resilience in sociality and self-positivity than the non-participant group. This indicated that the greater the number of the sports activities they participated in a month, the higher their resilience in sociality, self-positivity, and control over colony went up. Thirdly, the dance group children were found to attain significantly higher self-confidence and self-regulated efficacy. In other words, the more the subjects participated in dancing in a month, their self-confidence and task-challenge preference increased. Fourthly, the sports group children exhibited significantly higher self-confidence and task-challenge preference, indicating that the more the children participated in sports activities in a month, their self-confidence and task-challenge preference increased.

멀리뛰기 발구름 구간의 각운동량 분석

배성제 師範大學 體育硏究所 1995 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.16 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate relationship between the angular momentum of the long jump takeoff phase and flight distance performed by elite athletes. Eight male athletes who achieved at least the 3rd place in the long jump at the Korea National Track and Field meetings during 1993 and 1994 were selected as subjects. The long jump motions performed by the subjects were recorded using two 16mm high speed cameras at the nominal speed of 100 frames per second. The Direct Linear Transformation technique was adopted from the beginning of filming to the final stage of data extraction. The movement patterns during the last stride for run-up, takeoff, and the flight distance were related using regressional method with the biomechanical consideration. It was found that: The mean shank angular velocity at the instant of takeoff was -4.96±2.48rad/s, regression equation of flight distance (Y) prediction was Y=-0.1055·(shank angular velocity)+6.2916 (r=0.63, P<0.0001). The mean tatal relative angular momentum (absoute angular momentum/subject's mass·height²) with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity at the instant of touchdown was -0.134±0.050, regression equation of flight distance (Y) prediction was Y=-0.1055·(tatal relative angular momentum)+6.5971 (r=0.64, P<0.0001). And The mean tatal relative angular momentum with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity at the instant of takeoff was -0.424±0.117, regression equation of flight distance (Y) prediction was Y=2.1304·(tatal relative angular momentum)²+6.4182 (r=0.62, P<0.0001). Therefore, in order to increase flight distance, several conditions must be fulfilled at the instant of takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff during takeoff phase. First, the active landing style described as clawing the ground with the sole of the takeoff foot should be performed during the takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff. Second, the total forward angular momentum with respect to a transverse axis through the center of gravity should be increased during the takeoff leg touchdown and takeoff.

여자 멀리뛰기 선수의 발구름 동작시 운동학적 변인이 기록에 미치는 영향(I)

배성제,정철수 師範大學 體育硏究所 1993 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.14 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the kinematic variables on take-off motion of the long jump. A typical high speed film analysis technique including DLT method was adapted to record and analyze total of eight long jumps performed by elite weman athletes at a track and field events. The following were found that: The relationship between take-off horizontal velocity and flight length was significantly related as r=0.6105 respectively at p<0.049 level. However, it was not possible to find the relationship between touch-down horizontal velocity and flight length. It was not possible to reveal the relationship between the touch-down vertical velocity, take-off vertical velocity and flight length. The relationship between take-off velocity and flight length was significantly related as r= 0.7080 respectively at p<0.025 level. However, it was not possible to find the relationship between touch-down velocity and flight length. The relationship between the body lean angle at take-off and flight length was significantly related as r=0.8468 respectively at p<0.004 level. However, it was not possible to find the relationship between the body lean angle at touch-down and flight length. And the relationship between the body COG height at take-off and flight length was significantly related as r=0.6583 respectively at p<0.038 level. However, it was not possible to find the relationship between the body COG height at touch-down and flight length. The relationship between the take off distance and flight length was significantly related as r= 0.7966 respectively at p<0.009 level. The relationship between the foot contact time and flight length was significantly related as r=0.6414 respectively at p<0.047 level.

테니스 포핸드 드라이브시 라켓 속도에 대한 인체 분절의 기여도

김신회,배성제 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study was the analysis on the contribution of the body segment to the speed of the racket during forehand topspin stroke in tennis. Six skilled subject were filmed with three-demension cinematography, and the film analysis procedure using the Direct Linear Transformation method, the factor contributing to the speed f the racket in each subject were obtained. The conclusion were as follows; The trunk rotation and shoulder joint dominated in initial swing pattern, and the elbow and wrist joint dominated in final swing pattern. Especially, the somersault component of the upperarm rotation dominated the upperarm initial swing pattern, and the twist component dominated the upperarm final swing pattern. Key word: forehand topspin stroke, contribution, foreward swing, impact.