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박혜리 ( Haeree Park ) 한국중국언어학회 2016 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.65
As noted in the preface of the Qieyun (601 AD) compiled by Lu Ci, its phonological system is supposed to represent the zhengyin ‘standard pronunciation’ which Yan Zhitui and Lu Ci et al described and defined in circa 581. The idea of composite Middle Chinese is that this phonological system did not actually exist in any single variety of spoken Chinese at that time; rather, it was a composite of two or more regional norms, as well as of archaic pronunciations introduced to the text by copying in fanqie sound glosses from earlier sources. Forms of composite phonological systems or diasystems .which can also serve as historical reconstruction systems - have been used in Chinese historical phonology for pedagogical and theoretical purposes: for e.g., the prototypical eight-tone system for all modern Chinese dialects, Y. R. Chao`s General Chinese (1983) and Norman`s Common Dialectal Chinese (2006). But inventing a composite phonology to use it for a standard language is a completely different matter. It cannot possibly work as long as the following problems remain: one must define diaphones prioritizing some dialects over others, then resolve multiple correspondences and re-define distributional facts and syllable types, compromising differences in dialectal phonetic values of the selected diaphones; one must also deal with frequent irregular correspondences caused by borrowings and morphological variation. Such an artificial system could not be practiced widely, also because no one other than the compiler(s) could understand the intended sound values by the fanqie notations. But in fact, redactions of the Qieyun did follow up on the Qieyun system to further refine syllable distinctions and modify some individual word pronunciations while maintaining the same overall system; and this in itself is strong evidence that the Qieyun language existed and it was described by independent observers (박혜리 2015). Yan Zhitui et al. most likely contributed to the Qieyun phonology by working together with a comparative perspective based on their various dialect backgrounds, to precisely define the sound classes of their contemporary lingua franca.
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