혼합가스 주입형 연료전지를 위한 전지 디자인

박병탁,윤성필,Park, Byung-Tak,Yoon, Sung Pil 한국세라믹학회 2005 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.42 No.12

In this study, we fabricated honeycomb type Mixed-Gas Fuel Cell (MGFC) which has advantages of stacking to the axial direction and increasing volume power density. Honeycomb-shaped anode with four channels was prepared by dry pressing method. Two alternative channels were coated with electrolyte and cathode slurry in order to make cathodic reaction sites and the others were filled with partial oxidation (POX) catalyst to increase fuel conversion. Furthermore we employed the sol-gel technique which can increase cell performance and decrease carbon coking.

Methane-Air 혼합 Gas에서 구동하는 하니컴 형태의 SC-SOFC

박병탁(Park, Byung-Tak),윤성필(Yoon, Sung Pil),김현재(Kim, Hyun Jae),남석우(Nam, Suk Woo),한종희(Han, Jonghee),임태훈(Lim, Tae-Hoon),홍성안(Hong, Seong-Ahn),이덕열(Lee, Dokyol) 한국신재생에너지학회 2005 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.06

One of the most critical issues in sol id oxide fuel cell (SOFC)running on hydrocarbon fuels is the risk of carbon formation from the fuel gas. The simple method to reduce the risk of carbon formation from the reactions is to add steam to the fuel stream, leading to the carbon gasification react ion. However, the addition of steam to fuel is not appropriate for the auxiliary power unit (APU) and potable power generation (PPG) systems due to an increase of complexity and bulkiness. In this regard, many researchers have focused on so-called 'direct methane' operation of SOFC, which works with dry methane without coking. However, coking can be suppressed only by the operation with a high current density, which may be a drawback especially for the APU and PPG systems. The single chamber fuel cell (SC-SOFC) is a novel simplification of the conventional SOFC into which a premixed fuel/air mixture is introduced. It relies on the selectivity of the anode and cathode catalysts to generate a chemical potential gradient across the cell. Moreover it allows compact and seal-free stack design. In this study, we fabricated honeycomb type mixed-gas fuel cell (MGFC) which has advantages of stacking to the axial direction and increasing volume power density. Honeycomb-structured SOFC with four channels was prepared by dry pressing method. Two alternative channels were coated with electrolyte and cathode slurry in order to make cathodic reaction sites. We will discuss that the anode supported honeycomb type cell running on mixed gas condition.

질감을 활용한 촉지도 제작을 위한 3D 프린팅 프로그램 설계 및 촉감 모델링에 관한 연구

이우열(Lee Woo Yeol ),박병탁(Park Byung Tak),이승태(Lee Seung Tae),전홍령(Jeon Hong Ryung),전철홍(Jeon Chul Hong) 한국통신학회 2017 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.1

신불안.우울척도에 의한 대학 신입생의 정신건강 평가

박형배,김진성,김창수,박병탁,이종범,이중훈,정성덕,Park, Hyeong-Bae,Kim, Jin-Sung,Kim, Chang-Su,Park, Byung-Tak,Lee, Jong-Bum,Lee, Jung-Hoon,Cheung, Seung-Douk 영남의대학술지편집위원회 1987 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.4 No.1

1986년 영남대학교 신입생 4,834명 (남학생 ; 3,499명, 여학생 ; 1,335명)을 대상으로 1986년 1월부터 동년 2월에 걸쳐 신불안 우울척도를 사용하여 평가한 불안 우울성적의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 불안 우울성적의 평균총점은 남학생이 $31.49{\pm}6.57$이었고 여학생이 $33.37{\pm}6.84$로 양군간의 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.001). 2. 신불안 우울척도의 항목별 성적이 남녀학생 공히 높은 항목은 수면장애, 후회감, 성욕감퇴 및 피로감 등이었고 남녀학생 공히 낮은 항목은 두려움, 정신운동흥분과 지연, 졸도감 및 절망감 등이었다. 3. 신불안 우울척도의 총점이 50점 이상인 고득점자는 남학생이 99명(2.8%), 여학생이 40명(3.0%)이었다. 4. 사회정신의학적 요인들중 남녀학생의 불안 우울성적에 공히 유의한 영향을 끼친 것은 소속대학이나 소속학과에 대하여 불만인 경우, 가족분위기나 부모와의 친숙도에 대하여 불만인 경우, 과거, 현재, 미래의 자아상에 대한 태도가 비관적인 경우(이상 각각 P<0.0001) 등이며, 성장지가 시단위 이하인 경우(각각 P<0.05)등이었다. 5. 신불안 우울척도와 Zung의 자가평가 불안척도 및 우울척도간의 상관관계는 각각 0.64, 0.61의 다소 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 또 신불안 우울척도와 Leeds대학의 불안 우울척도간에는 상관계수 0.77의 높은 상관관계를 보였다. The authors studied anxiety-depression using New Anxiety-Depression Scale(NADS), in the subjects of 3,499male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of NADS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on anxiety-depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexs. The results are as follows : There was significant difference in the mean awerages of total scores between male and female students: male students scored $31.49{\pm}6.57$ female students scored $33.37{\pm}6.84$ (P<0.001) The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido and fatigue were relatively higher in both groups. Ninety-nine male students(2.8%) showed seriously high degree anxiety-depression scores of 50 or higher, while forty female students(3.0%) showed the same scores. There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety-depression scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, departments and familiarity of parents, and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present, or fartare in both groups (P<0.001) The students whose maturation locations were below city level, showed higher level of anxiety-depression scores in both groups (P<0.05) NADS and SAS, SDS, and Leeds scale were correlated significantly in 0.64, 0.61, and 0.77 of correlation coefficient.

非行靑少年의 父母喪失에 關한 考察

朴炳卓 大韓神經精神醫學會 1978 신경정신의학 Vol.17 No.3

The pressing need to study the prevention as well as the nature and cause of delinquent behavior has yielded some studies on the family dynamics and some theoretical review, but scanty systematic works on parental loss. In the present study, the author attempted to study their parental loss by death and seperation, other serious parental problems and the parental surrogate after loss. For the above purpose, the author distributed questionaires to 380 male delinquents in a "T" juvenile reformatory near Taegu area during September, 1977. As control groups, he selected at random the same number of psychiatric patients and students respectively matched by age and sex. The results could be summarized as follows; The mean age of delinquents was 17.5 years, 18 being the most common. The educational level and the economic status of the delinquent group was much lower than those of the control groups. The incidence of the parental loss by death and separation, and other serious parental problems was prominently higher (65%) in delinquents; being twice as high as the patient group and five times that of the student group. Among parental loss and other parental problems, paternal defect was more frequent than maternal defect. Considering the over-lapping of parental loss and other problems seen in the same delinquents in about (25%) of the group, the seriousness of parental problems seems to be quiet impressive. As to the rate of early parental loss by death, only 12% of all deliquents lost one or both parents before reaching the age of 5. However, the rate of maternal loss in this period was relatively higher in this group, compared with that of control groups. In an analysis of after care by parental surrogates in the parental loss group, the study group tended to be reared by non-blood relatives, while in both control groups they were rather closely cared for by immediate relatives. Lastly, there was no significant difference in the types of delinquent behavior between delinquents from broken homes and non-broken homes.

成人遺尿症의 精神力動

朴炳卓,黃奎興 大韓神經精神醫學會 1983 신경정신의학 Vol.22 No.3

思春期 以後까지 유뇨증을 나타내는 9중례를 一般臨床樣相 및 精神力動的인 측면에서 살펴보았다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 대부분의 증례에서 同性의 父母인 아버지가 엄격 딱딱하거나 柔弱하여 적절한 同一視의 對象이 되지 못했다. 2. 1차성유뇨증은 어머니에 의해 심히 과잉보호를 받았고 이로 인해 自律性, 獨立性이 결여되고 幼兒的이고 未熟한 반응을 보였다. 3. 2차성유뇨증은 어머니가 심히 엄격하여 두려움의 對象이 됐거나 일시적인 父母와의 隔離를 겪었고 심한 敵對的 감정, 憂鬱, 不安등 神經病的 경향이 많았다. The authors undertook a study of psychodynamics and general clinical aspect of 9 cases of adult male enuretics who were admitted during the period from May 1982 to April 1983 at the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Taegu Armed Forces General Hospital. The pertinent result are as follows: 1. In most of the cases, fathers were rather strict, rigid or weak. Therefore they were not adequate objects of identification for the enuretics. 2. Primary enuretics were overprotected by their mothers and showed lacks of autonomy and independence and were childish and immature. 3. In the secondary enuretics, mothers were more rigid or strict, so they became the objects of fear to the subjects. Some of the secondary enuretics suffered transient separation from their parents and showed highly neurotic tendencies of hostility, depression or anxiety.

양로원 재원노인의 우울에 관한 연구

정성덕,이중훈,이종범,박병탁 영남대학교 의과대학 1990 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.7 No.2

Using Zung's self-rating depression scale, the authors studied depression in 310 elderlies residing in the 9 home for the aged (HFA) in Kyungbuk area. and 234 elderlies living in Taegu city and 107 elderlies attending a Life-long education program in Taegu, which serve as a control group, Community resident elderlies(CRE). The research had been administered during the period from June to August, 1986. The results were as follows: 1. The mean scores of male, female, and the total of the elderlies in HFA were 38.95±11.55, 44.18±14.15:: and 42.8±13.7 respectively while CRE marked 40.8±11.3 for male, 45.2±12.0 for female, and 43.4±11.9 for the total. Therefore there were significant differences between male and female in both groups(〈0.01, p〈p.0.001), though no significant difference between the two groups. However, the depression score of elderlies in HFA might be much higher than that of CRE if 81 elderlies(14.2%) in HFA who had been left out of the statistical evaluation due to their having severe depression, organic brain syndrom, or pseudoementia, etc had been included. 2. The score distribution by items for the elderlies in HFA were from highest scores hopelessness, worthlessness, emptiness, decreased appetite, confusion, while for CRE, hopelessness, decreased appetite, pscho-motor retardation, indecisiveness, and worthlessness, Elderlies in HFA showed significantly high scores in depressed mood, weight loss, suicidal rumination(ideation) and psychomotor excitement, while CRE showed significantly high scores in decreased appetite, psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, and dissatis-faction. 3. Elderlies who scored over 50 numbered 10 males(16%), 57 females(34%), and total of 67(29%) in HFA and 28 males(21%), 77 females(37%), and total of 105(31%) in CRE : female showed higher seores in both groups. 4. Psychosocial factors such as getting older(respectively p〈0.01), being Buddhist(respectively p〈0.01, p〈0.01), and monthly pocket money less than ￦30,000(respectively p〈0.001, p〈0.001) were found to have a noticable impact on the depression level of the elderlies in both groups. Factors such as illiteracy (p〈0.001), monthly pocket money less than ￦10,000(p〈0.05), and having no family(p〈0.01) recorded significantly higher scores among CRE than the elderlies in HFA.

精神疾患者의 最初記憶과 꿈의 內容分析

朴炳卓 영남대학교 의과대학 1984 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.1 No.1

大邱直割市에 所在한 5개 綜合病院 神經精神科와 2개 個人 神經精神科醫院의 外來 및 入院患者 가운데 18세에서 30세 사이 年齡의 精神分裂症患者 293명(男子 161명, 女子 132명)과 神經症患者301명(男子 164명,女子 137명 ) 및 大邱直割市와 그 인근지역에 居住하는 一般住民 310명(男子 169명, 女子141명)에서 蒐集한 最近記憶과 꿈의 內容을 性別 및 診斷別로 集團간에 比較하였다. 이러한 目的을 위하여 最初記憶과 꿈을 同時에 평가하는데 적용할 수 있는 功擊性과 依存性尺度를 새로 考案하였고 尺度의 信賴度 檢定過程을 거쳐서 전 對象集團에 적용하였다. 性別, 診斷別로 각기 다른 集團간의 最初記憶과 꿈의 內容을 比較하여 얻은 成績을 要約하면 다음과 같다. 最初記憶의 內容은 診斷別 各 集團간에 더 많은 차이를 보였고 꿈의 內容은 性別 各 集團간에 더 많은 차이를 보였다. 最初記憶과 꿈의 主題分布上 어떤 集團에서나 共히 功擊性보다 依存性主題가 더 많았다. 또 功擊性主題는 最初記憶에서 보다 꿈에 더 많았다. 最初記憶의 主題分布上 功擊性主題는 精神分裂症群, 神經症群, 對照群의 順으로 많았던 반면 依存性主題는 이와 逆順이었다. 攻擊性主題中 被攻擊的態度는 精神分裂症群에 많았다. 依存性主題中 觀望的 態度는 神經症群에 많았고 滿足的態度는 對照群에 많았다. 高度의 攻擊性 및 依存性主題는 神經症群에 많았다. 꿈의 主題分布는 精神分裂症群의 男女集團 간에 차이가 있었다. 즉 攻擊性主題中 積極的이고 高度의 攻擊性은 男子集團에, 그리고 依存性主題中 挫折的 態度는 女子集團에 많았다. 꿈의 主題分布상 依存性主題의 觀望的 態度는 各對象群의 女子集團에 더 많았고 滿足的 態度는 男子集團에 더 많았다. The earliest memories and dreams have been investigated in many aspects; biological, psychological, statistical, and psychotherapeutic, in psychiatric field. The approach methods to these psychic contents are innumerable according to the schools, the collector’s attitudes to these materials, the collecting methods and the variable factors of the reporter. In this study the author attempted to compare the distribution of the aggression and dependency themes in these psychic contents among groups of different sexes and clinical diagnoses. In this purpose the author devised new scales, the Aggression and the Dependency Scales for the earliest memories and dreams which are composed of 12-theme classes, according to 3 aspects of the ego attitudes and 4 degrees of the intensity of drives. The scales were tested on a series of the earliest memories and dreams from 100 male medical students by two raters. The interrater reliabilities, measured by kappa method, were all significant at better than the .001 level. The author collected the reports of the earliest memories and dreams from 293 schizophrenics (161 males and 132 females) and 301 neurotics (164 males and 137 females) who were either outpatients or inpatients of 5 general hospitals and 2 private neurospychiatric clinics and from 310 controls(169 males and 141 females) who were either students, housewives or employees in Taegu area during the periods from March to August, 1980 and from April to August, 1983. The author compared the contents of the earliest memories and dreams from these 3 clinical groups on the newly devised scales and the results could be summarized as follows: In general, the contents of the earliest memories showed more differences among diagnostically different groups, while the contents of dreams showed more differences among sexually different groups. The dependency themes were more frequent than the aggression thems in all groups. The aggression themes were more frequent in dreams than in the earliest memories. Of the earliest memory themes, the distribution of the aggression themes was different among clinical groups, i.e., most frequent in schizophrenics, next in neurotics, and least in controls. The distribution of the dependency themes was in reverse order. Attitudes of being attacked were more frequent in schizophrenics. Observing attitudes of dependency need were more frequent in neurotics while gratifying attitudes were more frequent in controls. Highest degrees of aggression and delpendency were more frequent in neurotics. In the distribution of the dream themes, there were some differences among male and female schizophrenics. Aggression themes, especially active and the highest degree of aggression, were more frequent in male sclizophrenics, while dependency themes, especially frustrated themes, were more frequent in female schizophrenics. Among 3 clinical groups, observing attitudes of dependency need were more frequent in female groups, while gratifying attitudes were more frequent in male groups.

韓國人의 自家痛症評價에 관한 예비적 조사 : -Zung's Self-Rating Pain and Distress Scale에 의한-

서혜수,정성덕,박병탁 大韓神經精神醫學會 1986 신경정신의학 Vol.25 No.4

The authors has made a Korean has made a Korean version of the 20-itemed Zung'S PAD scale(a self-rating pain and distress scale) whose validation has been proved acceptable by the empirical results of 122 pain patients and 195 normal controls in 1983. The authors then attempted to evaluate the pain and accompanying distress among Koreans by administering the Korean version of the Zung's PAD scale to 265 pain patients and 289 normal controls during the period from 1985.5.1 to 1985.9.30. The results are as follows; 1) The pain patients scored significantly higher on the over all index(indicating more pain) than did the controls, regardless of sex and age. 2) The pain patients scored significantly higher than did controls on all 20 individual items. 3) Statistical analysis using the α- coefficient calculation for reliability analysis yielded a coefficient α= 0.86 indicating highly reliable internal constancy for the profile of pain measured by the PAD. 4) Based on results from stastical validation, use of the scale correctly classified 83.7% of normal controls and 67.9% of pain patients, who had been previously so identified clinically.

불안 환자에 대한 불안척도의 연구

이중훈,박병탁 영남대학교 의과대학 1992 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.9 No.1

1987년 1월 부터 1991년 6월 까지 영남대학교 영남의료원 정신과에 외래 및 입원한 정서장애 환자중 불안장애로 진단 받은 환자 남자 127명(77.3%), 여자 38명(23.0%)인 총 165명을 대상으로 하였다. 이들에게 Zung의 자가 평가 불안척도를 사용하여 불안을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 불안성적의 평균 총점은 42.40±7.74을 보였다. 불안의 항목별 상위성적은 두통 및 신체동통, 피로, 불안, 공황, 빈뇨 등의 순서로 높았다. 항목별 하위성적은 초조, 우려, 호흡곤란, 발한, 불면 등의 항목이었다. SAS에서 심계항진과 공포, 심계항진과 진전, 피로와 혼돈, 졸도와 현기증, 공포와 불안, 악몽과 공포, 혼돈과 공항, 현기증과 혼도, 심계항진과 공황, 피로와 두통 및 신체동통, 혼돈과 불안, 공황과 불안, 감각이상과 심계항진, 진전과 공포, 진전과 불안, 공황과 공포 등의 문항간에서는 확실히 상관이 있었다. 성적 분포는 50점 이상인 경우가 17.5%(29명)이였다. SAS에서 각 문항들의 신뢰도는 Cronbach 알파를 사용하여 검토한 결과 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났다. SAS의 문항 전체의 신뢰도는 0.71로 나타났다. The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), in the subjects of 127 male and 38 female patients with anxiety disorder. The authors investigated 165 patients in Yeungnam university hospital from January, 1987 to June, 1991. In order to analyze the data on anxiety scores Pearson's product moment coefficient correlation method and factor analysis were carried out by SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety scores among patients with anxiety disorder and male and female college freshmen: patients with anxiety disorder scored 42.40±7.74, male students scored 32.91±5.70, female students scored 34.48±6.00. The anxiety scores relating to the items of body aches & pains, fatigue, anxiousness, panic, and urinary frequency were relatively high in patients with anxiety disorder. The anxiety scores on the items of restlessness, apprehension, dyspnea, sweating, and insomnia were relatively low in patients with anxiety disorder. Twenty-nine anxiety disorder group(l7.5%) showed significantly high anxiety scores of 50 or over. The inter-rater reliability of Zung's self-rating anxiety scale was 0.71.