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PROC MIXED가 제시하는 분산의 합의 신뢰구간의 문제점
박동준 한국통계학회 2004 응용통계연구 Vol.17 No.1
SAS의 PROC MIXED procedure는 다양한 형태의 혼합모형에 적합한 자료를 분석하고, 그 자료들이 채집된 모집단의 모수들에 관한 통계적 추론을 하는데 사용된다. 그러나 혼합모형에 해당되는 불균형중첩오차구조를 갖는 선형회귀모형안에 나타나는 두개의 분산의 합에 대한 신뢰구간을 구할 때 PROC MIXED의 REML추정량으로부터 계산되는 신뢰구간은 신뢰계수를 지키지 못한다는 것을 시뮬레이션을 통하여 보인다. PROC MIXED fits a variety of mixed models to data and enables one to use these fitted models to make statistical inferences about the data. However, the simulation study in this article shows that PROC MIXED using REML estimators provides one with a confidence interval, that does not keep the stated confidence coefficients, on sums of two variance components in the simple regression model with unbalanced nested error structure which is a mixed model.
Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia: Incidence and Associated Structural Abnormalitise
박동준,백석인,이원영,성기준 대한비과학회 1995 Journal of rhinology Vol.2 No.1
As the PNS C-T scans are widely employed, the evaluation of maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) becomes more accurate than using the conventional plain X-rays. Recently, the clinical significance of associated abnormalities in MSH has been suggested. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of MSH and their associated abnormalities. We have analyzed retrospectively the PNS C-T scans (580 cases) that have been taken in patients with sinus-related symptoms. The incidence of unilateral MSH was 5.3% (31 cases) and that of bilateral MSH was 5.0% (29 cases). In the unilateral cases of MSH, the volume estimate ratio to the normal side was 0.36-0.80 (mean 0.61), and in the bilateral cases, the volume estimate ratio to the normal maxillary sinus was 0.18-0.66 (mean 0.45) on the right side and 0.21-0.68 (mean 0.41) on the left side. The associated anatomical abnormalities included elevated canine fossa (100%), zygomatic pneumatization (48%), vertical enlargement of the orbit (32%), caudal or lateral displacement of the infraorbital foramen (26%) and concave orbital floor (23%). It was also evident that the more severe MSH, the higher incidence of abnormalities is noted. We speculate that the complications during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) or Caldwell-Luc operation in patients with MSH can be minimized by careful assessment of these associated structural abnormalities.
박동준,박상민,박경호,강인선 한국산업경영시스템학회 2014 한국산업경영시스템학회 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.춘계
The Ministry of Environment established a data base platform called environmental statistic portal. From there we collected environmental statistics including sulfurous acid gas, fine dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, household waste, domestic waste, construction waste, the number of factories, the amount of waste water, the amount of organic matter, etc. We collected the number of tuberculosis (TB) patients from National Health Service in Korean Statistical Information Service. We consider the number of TB patients and environmental statistics as a dependent variable and predictors, respectively. A multiple regression analysis is performed to find out significant predictors that affect the number of TB patients. A deep analysis is done to discover the relationship between significant predictors and the dependent variable depending on national district areas, i.e. Gu or Goon, by use of a multivariate analysis and a covariance analysis.
The Defensive Surge: Psychological Reasons for Why Leaders Double Down on Failing Wars
박동준 국방대학교 국가안전보장문제연구소 2022 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.27 No.1
Why do leaders double down on wars and other unpopular foreign policies that the public opposes? Criticism of costly wars creates a dilemma for decision-makers as both maintaining or changing existing strategies have negative consequences for their prospect of remaining in office. To resolve this dilemma, leaders may opt to ‘gamble for resurrection’ to achieve victory. While valid, existing arguments that adopt the rationalist approach about the preference of leaders and the informative function of polls rely on certain assumptions about the perception of leaders. Given this, psychological accounts may add to our understanding of how difficult policy choices are made. In this regard, this article examines the psychological pressures created by the public’s negative views on the competence and judgment of leaders. This constitutes a threat to leaders’ self-esteem which, in turn, trigger psychological defensive mechanisms. In addition to inhibiting changes to the existing policy, common defensive mechanisms including reaction formation, isolation, and denial make it more likely that leaders commit further to failing wars and unsuccessful foreign policies. These mechanisms are confirmed through an analysis of President Bush’s decision to Surge in Iraq in 2007. The article contributes to the literature by highlighting additional mechanisms that impact foreign policy decision-making that adds to our understanding of why leaders maintain policies despite the electoral consequences they face.