괴물의 생물학과 차이의 존재론

문성균 대동철학회 2024 大同哲學 Vol.106 No.-

<괴물>은 일상적 질서에서 벗어난 존재로서, 자연의 위반, 오류, 무질서 등으로 나타난 다. 이러한 괴물의 이미지는 근.현대 생물학에서 여전히 보존되고 있다. 근.현대 생물학에 서 괴물은 무엇보다도 정상성과 안정성과 관련된다. 생명체의 정상 형태 또는 생명체에서 보존되는 질서의 안정성은 괴물을 어떤 부정의 대상으로 만든다. 한편, 들뢰즈는 차이의 철학을 저주의 상태에 묶인 차이를 해방하는 기획으로 규정한다. 이러한 기획은 괴물에 대 해서도 마찬가지로 적용된다. 차이의 존재론에서 괴물은 정상을 상정하는 비정상이나 질 서를 상정하는 무질서라기보다는 차라리 어떤 이상(anomalie)이다. 이것은 괴물이 유기 체와 동등하게 무한한 변이 가능성을 함축하는 생명의 변이임을 의미한다. 들뢰즈에게서 이러한 생명에 대한 개념은 다양체에서 찾아진다. 다양체는 고전적으로 생명의 규정이었 던 자기-운동에 대한 들뢰즈의 개념이다. 이에 비추어 보면, 유기체와 괴물은 동등하게 생명-다양체의 변이들이다. 하지만 이것이 유기체와 괴물 사이에 어떠한 구별도 없음을 의미하지는 않는다. 유기체와 괴물은 하나의 생명체에 대해 형상적으로 구별되는 측면들 이기 때문이다. 모든 생명체는 어떤 측면에서는 유기체적이지만, 다른 측면에서는 어떤 ‘괴물 같음’을 함축하고 있다. 이러한 ‘괴물 같음’은 생명체의 잠재적 이미지에 해당한다. 차이의 존재론이 괴물의 문제에 대해 주는 대답은 괴물이 생명체 안에서 형상적으로 구별 되는 잠재적 이미지라는 것이다. monster is something that deviates from the normal order of things. It manifests itself as a violation error or disorder in nature. This image of the monster is still preserved in modern biology. In modern biology monsters are associated with normality and stability. The normal form of life or the stability of the order preserved in life makes the monster an object of negation. Deleuze, on the other hand, determines the philosophy of difference as a project to liberate difference from its curse. This project also applies to monsters. In the ontology of difference, the monster is an anomaly, rather than an abnormality that assumes normality or a disorder that assumes order. This means that the monster like the organism is a variation of life that implies infinite variability. For Deleuze, this conception of life is found in the multiplicity. The multiplicity is Deleuze’s concept of auto-movement which was the classical characterization of life. In light of this, organisms and monsters are equally variants of the life-manifold. However this does not mean that there is no distinction between organisms and monsters. Organisms and monsters are formally distinct aspects of a living thing. All living things are organismic in some ways and monstrous in others. This ‘monstrosity’ corresponds to the virtual image of life. The answer that the ontology of difference gives to the problem of the Monster is that monstrosity is a virtual image that is formally distinct in living things.

생명체의 ‘환경’(milieu)과 들뢰즈의 ‘문제’ 개념

문성균 대한철학회 2023 哲學硏究 Vol.167 No.-

According to Canguilhem, the milieu is a category of thought that is necessary to understand the life. Biological discussions of the milieu conceptualize it as either an external cause for the organization of living or a product that the living organizes according to its own internal system. However, this conceptualization is insufficient in that it sees living and milieu as binary opposites. Rather, the milieu should be understood as for sufficient epistemic and ontological reasons for the organization of living things. This first requires an analysis of the duality of the milieu. The milieu is both physical and geographical, but it is also a space that is organized by the living. According to this analysis, the physical and geographical milieu will be conceptualized as a potential milieu for the living. The potential milieu is differentiated into an actual milieu for the living through encounters with the living's body, where the milieu emerges as a problem to be solved by the living. In this sense, the organization of living expresses the process of life, the process by which the living solves problems posed by its milieu. 캉길렘에 따르면, 환경은 생명체를 이해하기 위해 필수적인 사유의 범주이다. 환경에 대한 생물학적인 논의는 환경을 생명체의 조직화가 이루어지기 위한 외적 원인 혹은 생명체가 자기의 내적 체계에 따라 구성하는 산물로 개념화한다. 하지만 이러한 개념화는 생명체와 환경을 이항대립 관계로 파악한다는 점에서 불충분하다. 오히려 환경은 생명체의 조직화를 구성하는 인식론적이고 존재론적인 충분 이유로 이해되어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 우선 환경의 이중성에 대한 분석이 요구된다. 환경은 물리적이고 지리적인 동시에 생명체에 의해 구성되는 공간이기도 하다. 이러한 분석에 따르면, 물리적이고 지리적인 환경은 생명체에 대해 잠재적인 환경으로 개념화될 것이다. 잠재적인 환경은 생명체의 신체와의 마주침을 통해 생명체에 대한 현실적인 환경으로 분화하고, 이때 환경은 생명체에 의해 해결되어야 하는 문제로서 출현한다. 이러한 의미에서 생명체의 조직화는 생명체가 환경에서 제기되는 문제를 해결하는 과정, 즉 생명의 과정을 표현한다.

양평전통한과

문성균 한국지역사회생활과학회 2002 한국지역사회생활과학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2002 No.-

인체 중이점막에서 β Defensin의 발현

문성균,David J. Lim 대한이비인후과학회 2004 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.47 No.2

Background and Objectives:It is believed that the innate imunity plays a critical role in protecting the tubotympanum from l molecules, defensins have been shown to contribute significantly to innate imunity. However, it is still unclear whether or not β defensins are expressed in human middle ear mucosa. Materials and Method:Imunolabeling and RT-PCR were performed with the mucosal specimen from normal subjects and otitis media patients, respectively. Expression of β defensin 2 mRNA was compared between the control group and experimental group that was treated by inflammatory stimuli in the animal models using RT-PCR. Results:β defensin 1 was expresed in both normal and inflamed middle ear mucosa of human, but β defensin 2 and 3 were found only in the inflamed mucosa. The expresion of β defensin 2 mRNA was up-regulated when the interleukin-1α (IL-1α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was treated in the middle ear mucosa of the experimental animals. Conclusion:We could show that β defensins are expressed in the human middle ear mucosa and that βmatory stimuli, IL-1α or LPS.

신생아 청각선별검사로 진단된 선천성 난청환아의 임상적 추적

문성균,박홍준,박문성,강영숙,김영주,정연훈,박기현 대한이비인후과학회 2004 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.47 No.9

Background and Objectives:When screned using cord blood, congenital hearing los are detected more frequently than other congenital metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria or congenital hypothyroidism. Newborn hearing screning is im-portant because the early identification and intervention of neonatal hearing los is beneficial for the language development. We aimed to analyze clinical characteristics including associated diseases and present hearing state, and the efects of speech rehabi-Subjects and Method:Seventy nine hundred twelve neonates (6915 wel babies and 997 NICU babies) were screned by transient evoked otoacoustic emision (TEOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR). Medical records of infants with bilateral hea-ring los of more than 60 dB were evaluated, and they were further studied with temporal bone CT scan and folow-up hearing tests using ABR. The exon2 of the connexin26 gene was sequenced to detect the mutation. Results:Fourteen of 7912 infants birth weight, chromosomal anomaly, cleft palate, congenital nevus, and congenital aural atresia. Three of 14 infants were reve-aled to have normal hearing after follow-up hearing test, which were asociated with cleft palate, hyperbilirubinemia or prema-turity. One of them had 235delC mutation of the connexin26, and the temporal bone CT scan demonstrated the finding of enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) in one infant. Two infants participated in the conected spech rehabilitation program and showed significant development of language. Conclusion:newborn hearing screning test. The establishment of auditory and spech rehabilitation program conected with newborn hearing screening is esential in treating hearing-impaired neonates.

사람에서 외이의 구조변화에 따른 공명 주파수 특성

문성균,정명현,김희남,신윤주 대한이비인후과학회 1993 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.36 No.6

한국어 Hearing in Noise Test(HINT) 문장의 개발

문성균,문형아,정현경,Sigfrid D. Soli,이준호,박기현 대한이비인후과학회 2005 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.48 No.6

Background and Objectives:Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) is a modified speech reception test using digitally recorded sentences.It is useful in assessing speech communication in noise. This test is easy to set up and to standardize by the commercializedHINT system. We aimed to develop sentences for the Korean HINT system so as to enable international comparative studies.Subjects and Method:Seven hundred fifty natural written sentences were prepared. They were digitally recorded by a professionalvoice actor, and long-term average spectrum of recorded sentences was calculated for masking noise. The performanceintensitytest estimated the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) and percent word intelligibility by testing tennormal hearing adults. The next step was to equate the intelligibility of sentences when they were presented in masking noise ata fixed level, and 250 sentences were chosen. Individual phonemes in each sentence were counted after phonemic transcriptionusing international phonemic alphabet. Results:Long-term speech spectrum of Korean sentences showed relatively lower level,especially in high tone, compared to other foreign languages. One dB change of SNR resulted in 9% word intelligibility change.Twenty five lists of ten sentences were formed by adjusting composition of sentences to obtain even phoneme distribution, whichwere had 9.21.1 syllables. Conclusion:Prepared sentences for the Korean HINT will be useful for assessing functional hearingactivity as well as international cross-language studies.

인체 중이상피세포주에서 점막상피세포 특성의 보존

문성균,이진석,정연훈,박기현,David J. Lim 대한이비인후과학회 2004 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.47 No.4

Background and Objectives:The stable cell line system of middle ear epithelial cells is essential for studying molecular pathogenesis of otitis media. Recently, we succeeded in establishing the human middle ear epithelial cell line (HMEEC) using a retrovirus. The cell line retains many of the phenotypic and morphological properties of the non-transformed, parental cultures such as the expression of cytokeratin and tight junctions. We aimed to show the conservation of mucosal characteristics and subcellular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in this cell line. Materials and Method:RT-PCR was performed using mucin gene specific primers and total RNA extracted from HMEEC. The luciferase-expressing vector containing 5’ flanking region of human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2), an inducible antimicrobial peptide, was transfected to HMEEC. After starvation of serum, HMEEC was treated with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and subsequently harvested 10 hrs later. Luciferase activity was measured using luminometer after the corresponding substrate was supplemented to the cell lysate. Results:Expression of mucin genes (MUC1, 2 and 5B) in HMEEC was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Luciferase assay showed that IL-1α up-regulates the promoter activity of hBD-2 more than 10 fold. This transcriptional regulatory mechanism was also demonstrated in the wellestablished reference cell lines, HeLa cells and A549 cells. Conclusion:We demonstrated the conservation of mucin gene expression and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of hBD-2 in HMEEC. The proposed cell line can serve as a useful experimental model for elucidating the pathogenesis of middle ear mucosa-related diseases.

신생아 청각선별검사의 결과와 비용효과 분석

문성균,박홍준,김영주,박문성,정연훈,박기현 대한이비인후과학회 2002 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.45 No.11

Background and Objectives:tection with appropriate rehabilitation of congenital hearing loss can reduce the adverse developmental consequences such as language delays, and behavior and attention deficits. The purpose of this study is to evaluate our newborn hearing screning program using the combined transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR), and to estimate the cost-efectiveness of our program. Materials and Method:6,634 infants (5,918 wel babies and 716 NICU babies)screened with TEOAEs, and those failing the TEOAEs were tested with the rescreening program. Neonates failing the TEOAE rescrening and the NICU babies were examined with ABR. The cost included personnel, fringe benefits, supplies, equipment and overhead. Results:660 (11% ) out of 5,918 well babies failed the initial TEOAE screning and 27 (0.46%) babies failed the TEOAE rescreening. Eleven babies (0.16%), 3 of the well babies and 8 of the NICU babies, were confirmed to have hearing 26-related deafness and an enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome. It cost $6 to scren one infant and $3,700 to detect one infant with hearing loss. Conclusion:We could detect 11 babies (0.16%) with hearing loss out of 6,634 neonates during the 4 years. Considering the benefits of early identification and rehabilitation of congenital hearing loss, the cost for the newborn hearing scren program is affordable. The newborn hearing scren should be extended as a national health program. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2002 ;45 :1052-6)

보청기 재활 실패군의 임상적 원인 분석

문성균,이장우,정연훈,박기현 대한이비인후과학회 2005 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.48 No.1

Background and Objectives:An hearing aid is a useful tol for hearing rehabilitation when surgical hearing correction is not indicated. Sucesful hearing aid rehabilitation is afected by various factors such as the degre and types of hearing impairment, personality, motivation and duration of adaptation. We aimed to identify factors for satisfying hearing aid by analysis and com-parison of the successful and the failure groups of hearing aid users, and to recognize problems of hearing aid prescribed in the non-medical institutes. Subjects and Method:Two hundred and sixty six ears of 202 hearing aid users were refered to the Ajou Hearing Center for two years, and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed including hearing status and hearing aid type. Twenty ears were prescribed by the non-medical institutes and others were 1st time users. The failure group of hearing aid month. Results:Hearing aids failed to work in 9% of 266 ears. Al problems of previous hearing aid users were solved by re-prescription and functional modification of hearing aids. The portion of patients older than 65 year old was not diferent in two groups, but the portion of female patients in the failure group was significantly larger than that in the success group (p=0.01). The unaided speech discrimination score was significantly higher in the success group (p=0.02). The most common cause of Conclusion:The speech discrimination score and sex are considered as important factors for successful rehabilitation of hearing aid. The prescription of hearing aids and follow-ups in the experienced medical institutes would predict better outcome. The realization of expectation level is of importance when interviewing hearing aid candidates. Further clinical study is necesary for satisfying hearing aid rehabilitation.