“蓮花落” 本字考

馬雅琦(마아기) 한국교통대학교 동아시아연구소 2021 동아문헌연구 Vol.- No.-

“연화락(蓮花落)”은 유사한의미나 독음을갖는 글자로구성된 “蓮花樂”, “蓮華樂” 외에 “연화뇨(蓮花鬧)”, “낙자(落子)”, “연화판(蓮花板)” 등으로도 불린다. “연화락”은 일종의 설창(說唱) 기예로서 대체로는 1인이 양손에 ‘칠건자(七件子)’를 들고 공연한다. ‘칠건자’는 박자(강박과 약박)를 맞추는 악기로서, 7개의 대나무 쪽으 구성되어 있다. 오른 손에 2개, 왼손에 5개를 쥐며, 오른 쪽 2 개로 ‘강한 박자’, 왼쪽 5 개로 ‘약한 박자’를 맞춘다. 이러한 “연화락”은 대체로 불교에서 기원하였고, 송대에 시작되었다고 인식되고 있다. 문헌상으로 “연화락(蓮花落)”이 등장하는 가장 이른 시기의 기록으로는 남송대 보제(普濟)의 《오등회원》이 있고, 동일한 내용이 효영(曉瑩)의 《나호야록(羅湖野錄)》에는 이문(異文)인 “蓮花樂”으로 나온다. 한족과 거란의 언어접촉에서 탕강섭(宕江攝)이 입성자들이 –aw로 변화가 생기기 시작하였고 남송대에 이러한 현상이 강회, 서남 지역으로 확대 되었다. 그런데 명청시기에 ‘락(樂)’에는 ‘음악’이라 할 때의 [io] 독음이 있어서 ‘落’자가 ‘樂’을 대체하게 되었다. “연화락”이 처음 생겨 난 것은 실은 거지의 구걸행위와 관련 있다. 이것의 추형(雛形)은 당대 이전에도 이미 존재했는데, 다만 송원대 이후 도시경제가발전하면서 이것이 본격화 된 것이다. 황춘생(黃春生, 2007)은 당대(唐代)에 불곡(佛曲)인 “산화악/산화락(散花樂)”이 있었는데, 이것이 모금활동에 활용되던 것에서 점차 세속화 하여 걸인들이 이 형식을 모방하면서 “연화락”이 형성되었다고 하였다. 그러나 “연화락”이 불교에서 기원하였다는 직접적 증거는 없다. 걸인들이발전시킨 예술 장르임을이해하면 이 단어의 본자는 “연화루(連話謱)” 또는“연루(謰謱)”임을 알 수 있다. “Lianhualao”(蓮花落)was originally written as “lianhuale”(蓮花樂)in the Song Dynasty, the last word from “le”(樂)to “lao”(落),this is caused by the literary pronunciation. “Lianhualao”(蓮花落)is the phonetic word, its original character is “lianhualou”(連話謱)or “lianlou” (謰謱), which means speak incessantly and indistinctly, that is the social cognition of the beggar beg for food.

아동문학으로 내는 대전환의 길 - 중부담 중복지국가로

마성은(馬聖恩) 아동문학평론사 2021 兒童文學評論 Vol.46 No.4

“畜君” 詞義復議

馬雅琦(마아기) 한국교통대학교 동아시아연구소 2017 동아문헌연구 Vol.- No.-

현대미술에서의 종교화

마순자(馬淳子) 현대미술사학회 1993 현대미술사연구 Vol.3 No.-

[만화] 긴 겨울

마영신(馬榮伸) 새얼문화재단 2012 황해문화 Vol.74 No.-

Bovine Enterovirus 에 關한 硏究

마점술(馬点述) 대한바이러스학회 1972 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.2 No.1

The strains produced hemagglutinin in cell cultures although its production varied in different cells; in some cases virus grew well but no hemagglutinin was detected. In hemagglutination strain BF20 differed again from strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 The latter two strains agglutinated erythrocytes of guinea pig and mouse and did not thos of monkey, hourse, swine and sheep, whereas strain BF20 agglutinated erythrocytes of all these spacies. Hemagglutination occurred at 4C, and the optimum pH was 7.4. The tests were readily read after 2 hours of reaction with monkey erythrocytes, but it took a long time of 18 to 20 hours when erythrocytes of the other species were used.

Bovine Enterovirus에 關한 硏究

마점술(馬点述) 대한바이러스학회 1971 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.1 No.1

Twenty-one viral strains have been isolated in primary cultures of calf kidney cells from fecal specimens collected from cattle, apparently healthy or showing various elinical manifestations, in various parts of Japan. Of these isolates three strains, BF-20, BFS-1 and BFK-1, were examined regarding the biological, physicochemical and immunological properties in the present study. The three strains were shown to be strains of the enterovirus group on the bases of the size of virlon, the type of viral nucleic acid, the resistance to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate and the acid stability. Thus, the strains were filtrable through Sartorius membrane filters with a pore size of 50mg. The multiplication of the strains in bovine kidney cell cultures was not inhibited with 50mg/ml of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyu- ridine in the culture medium. The strains lost no infectivity by treatment with 50% anesthetic ether at room temperature for 30 minutes, with 0.5% chloroform at room temperature for 30 minutes, or vith 0.01% sodium deoxycholate at room temperature for 2 hours. The strains were very stable at pH 3 to 9 with a slight loss of infectivity at pH 2.5 when stored at 4C for 18 hours. The strains were relatively resistant to ultraviolet irradication. They were readily inactivated by heating at 56C or higher, slowly lost infectivity at 37C or room temperature, but they could be stored without any significant loss of infectivity at 4, -20 or -80C. Worthy to note is a difference in inactivation at 50C shown between BF 20 and the other two strains. When tested with undiluted infectious culture fluids, strain BF 20 showed no significant 'decrease in titer after heating at 50C for 60 minutes, whereas strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 demonstrated considerable losses of infectivity to 10-4 or 10-4 of the original titers after the heating. This difference was also observed when the infectious culture fluids were diluted tenfold with distilled water and then heated at 50C for 60 minutes.Thus, the infectious titer decreased only about tenfold with strain BF 20 in contrast with 10 to 10-fold decrease with strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 from inactivation by incubation at 50C for 60 minutes. The slight inactivation of strain BF20 at 50C was also suppressed with 1M.MgC1,. All the strains readily multiplied and induced cytopathic effect in various cell cultures: primary cell cultures of bovine kidney and testicle, swine kidney, chick embryo, and chick kidney, and cultures of bovine embryo kidney cells subcultured many times, BHK21 cells of baby hamster kidney origin and HmLu stable line cells of hamster lung origin. Serial passages were readily accomplished in these cultures and the infectivity usually reached peak titers of 10 to 10 TCID/ml in 18 to 24 hours of incubation at 34C. Strain BF20, however, showed slower growth with lower peak titers in chick kidney and chick embryo cell cultures than in the other cultures, and strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 did so in bovine testicle cell cultures. The strains induced similar cytological changes in infected cultures, consisting of rounding, shrinkage and deterioration of the cells alnd sloughing of the glass surface. Caves developed no clinical signs and symptoms when inoculated per orally with these three strains. The viruses, however, were excreted in feces for fairly long periods of time, and neutralizing antibodies were praduced, indicating that the viruses actually infected the animals. The strains showed no pathogenicity for rabbits and guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal or intravenous route. No illness was induced in mice, 24 hours to 10 days of age, inoculated intracerbrally or intraperitoneally with these strains. Blind passages were carried out by both routes at 4-day intervals, through the 3 or 4th generation. No illness occurred in none of the inoculated mice and no virus was recovered from various tissues of those rnice. Strain BFS-1 grew in developing hens eggs when inoculated into the yolk sac, or the allantoic cavity,

통일시대 아동문학의 역할

마성은(馬聖恩) 아동문학평론사 2018 兒童文學評論 Vol.43 No.4

浅谈中韩文化交流的现状、问题与对策 ― 以中国视角为中心

마정 (馬晶),김현태 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.60 No.-

2017 is the 25th anniversary of establishment between Korea-China diplomatic relation. Since the establishment of diplomatic relation in 1992, the two countries have actively exchanged political, economic, cultural, diplomatic interchange due to the conditions such as relatively favorable geographical proximity, cultural homogeneity, etc. compared to exchange with other countries. According to the statistics of China Magazine (2017.03,07), the number of personal exchange was 130,000 a year in 1992, the first year of establishment of diplomatic relation, however in the early 2016, before Thaad dispute, over 100,000 tourists visited each other’s country weekly, in a rapid development. Korean overseas students in China(在中) were around 66,000(15%) in 2016, the biggest proportion among foreign students, and Chinese overseas students in Korea(在韓) also rapidly developed to 70,000 students, over the half(57%) of international students. Also, 140 places concluded exchange agreement between provinces(省), cities between the two countries, accordingly, cultural exchange between the two countries were enhanced in qualitative level as well as quantitative expansion during the last 25 years, and cultural exchange became the most important core factor of Korea-China exchange. However, there are lots of problems in Korea-China cultural exchange due to reinforcement of nationalism, historical awareness, discrimination awareness, and cultural difference, etc. Also, there are obstructive factors along with political interest between the U.S. and China in respect of the Korean Peninsula situation. Particularly, the two countries are facing a serious crisis of cultural exchange since the establishment of diplomatic relation, such as prohibition of Chinese group tourists to Korea, restriction of Korean popular culture and Korean wave celebrities’ activities, etc. by Chinese government since Thaad placement problem in 2016. This research raised the status and problem of Korea-China cultural exchange firstly from the viewpoint of China. Also, based on this, suggested a basic plan to solve such problem, henceforth. Research based on the viewpoint of Korea will be progressed in follow-up study. 2017年是中韩建交25周年,建交以来中韩两国尽显地缘相近、人缘相亲、文缘相通的优势,文化交流与合作空前高涨,两国人员往来日益频繁,文化交流领域不断拓宽,交流水平和质量不断提高,文化交流成为中韩关系的重要组成部分。但是,在中韩双边文化交流过程中仍然存在着民族主义,相互认知差异,民间负面情绪增大等诸多亟待解决的问题。面对日益走向成熟且又敏感复杂的中韩关系,两国有必要调整对彼此的认知,尊重文化的多样性,以“和而不同”、“求同存异”为理念,寻找在不同文化之间开展交流与对话的途径,彼此取长补短,以达到共同发展。特别是在当前由于“萨德”入韩问题而使中韩关系面临挑战与挫折时,更加需要双方进一步增进理解和信任,扩大共识,改善两国关系的民意基础,而文化交流是加深两国国民之间相互理解、扩大友好合作,夯实中韩战略合作伙伴关系必不可少的有效途径。

속력 문제의 해결에서 나타나는 중학생의 양적 추론 사례 연구

마민영 ( Ma Minyoung ),임동규 ( Lim Dongkyu ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2021 교육문화연구 Vol.27 No.3

본 사례 연구의 목적은 중학교 1학년 학생 10명을 대상으로 속력 문제의 해결에서 나타나는 양적 추론을 분석하는 것이다. 그 결과, 학생들에게 제시된 문제 상황이 같더라도 학생들마다 구성하는 양들 사이의 관계는 다를 수 있으며, 이는 문제 상황에 대한 이해, 문제 해결을 위한 방식, 대수적 표현 등 문제 해결 과정 전반에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 양적 추론은 대수적 추론의 바탕을 이루고 그 의미를 풍부하게 해준다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 문제 해결 교육의 방법과 내용에 대한 시사점을 제시하는 하나의 경험적 근거자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. This case study aims to analyze the quantitative reasoning of middle school students who solve speed problem. The relations among quantities that students construct while solving speed problem are different. Quantitative reasoning significantly impacts the problem-solving process. Moreover, it forms the basis of algebraic reasoning and enhances their implication. These results are considered to be empirical evidence that suggests implications for the method and content of problem solving education.