절박한 가축분뇨 문제, 해법은 있다.

라창식 GS&J 인스티튜트 2013 시선집중 GSnJ Vol.- No.165

○ 연간 토양으로 투입되는 화학비료의 양분량이 약 60만 톤, 가축분뇨 퇴·액비에 의한 것이 약 40만 톤이며, 이중 무려 50% 정도가 작물에 이용되지 않고 토양에 집적되거나 수자원으로 유출되고 있는 것으로 추정될 만큼 축산분뇨문제는 심각하다. ○ 가축분뇨처리에 대한 규제가 강화되고 있지만 정책방향은 화학비료를 대체할 수 있는 퇴·액비로 만들어 친환경 농산물을 생산할 수 있는 원자재로 활용하는 이른바 자연순환농업을 활성화시키는데 초점이 맞추어져있다. ○ 그러나 가축분뇨 발생량은 지속적으로 증가하고 농경지는 감소하는 추세를 고려할 때 자원화 정책만으로는 ‘토양 양분 집적 및 유출문제’를 해결할 수 없고, 결국 ‘가축사육두수 총량제’가 도입 될 수밖에 없을 것으로 생각된다. ○ 따라서 사육두수를 제한하거나 감소시키지 않고 ‘양분집적문제 및 유출문제’를 해결하기 위해서는 가축분뇨로부터 양분을 회수하여 사료/비료/화학 산업에 재이용하는 No-Soil Basis 순환체계를 구축해야 한다. ○ 새로운 시스템에서 회수된 유용광물질은 매우 우수한 비료로 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 수입되는 인광석에 비해 품질이 우수하여 불소를 제거하는 과정 없이도 사료용 인산칼슘원으로 사용할 수 있다. ○ 공동자원화시설에 이러한 장치를 설치하는 것은 큰 비용이 들지 않으며, 이렇게 생산된 비료는 농가에 저가에 공급하여 화학비료와 같이 편리하게 사용하도록 하는 한편, 퇴·액비의 고유가치를 부각시키는 방향으로 품질기준을 개선하여 이용가치를 높여야 한다.

가변적 축산 분 뇨 특성에 대한 2 단계 회분식 처리시스템의 반응

라창식,홍병주 한국축산학회 1999 한국축산학회지 Vol.41 No.2

Responses of two-stage sequencing batch reactor (TSSBR) to the variation of influent quality were studied, operating the system for the treatment of piggery manure, which has very variable characteristics. Operational cycles for TSSBR were designed to achieve an enhanced denitrification and phosphorous removal using an internally available organic matter in piggery manure as a carbon source. Based on the experimental results, the sludge levels of each reactor were dependent upon the treatment performances of system. Specially, the sludge concentrations in reactors and final effluent were directly functional of the treatment efficiency of organic matter. The relatively low phosphorous (15㎎/S and NOx-N (3㎎//L) concentrations in the final effluent might ascertained that the operational modes used in this study could be an effective treatment method to obtain a combined biological removals of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus without any supplemental carbon source addition. Comparison of the final effluent quality and characteristics of piggery manure fed into the system revealed that the changes of organic matter and nitrogen levels in the final effluent followed, with an interval of provided hydraulic retention time, the trends of influent variation. However, this relation was not found in the phosphorus. Throughout this research, it was concluded that a real-time control or loading rate control strategy should apply to the animal wastewater treatment system, since a relatively constant and high treatment performances could not be obtained, when the treatment system was subjected to the serious variation of influent characteristics.

축산폐수처리 시스템의 실시간 조절

라창식(Chang Six Ra),(D . S . Mavinic) 한국수처리학회 1998 한국수처리학회지 Vol.6 No.3

This research evaluated the usefulness of a newly invented real-time control technology in the treatment of piggery wastewater. The new unit treatment process composed of two reactors was operated under two different treatment strategies, real-time control and fixed-time control. Comparisons between the real-time control technology and the fixed-time strategy revealed that high treatment performance could always be obtained in the real-time control, despite variations in influent composition, but not in the fixed-time operation. The average removal efficiencies of pollutants were over 97% in the real-time control. However, the treatment efficiencies in the fixed-time control were relatively poor. Also, the obtained effluent quality was relatively constant in the real-time control, while the effluent quality in the fixed-time operation was seriously variable, depending on the influent characteristics. The results from this study indicate that the real-time control strategy has an ability to optimize simultaneously biological pollutant removal and energy consumption by terminating aeration when nutrient removal is complete.

물질 순환형 축산분뇨 처리기술

라창식 ( La Chang Sig ) 한국동물자원과학회 ( 구 한국축산학회 ) 2004 2004년 정기총회및 춘계심포지움 Vol.- No.-

판별분석을 이용한 축산폐수처리공정 이상진단

라창식 ( Chang Six Ra ),전병희 ( Byong Hee Jun ) 한국수처리학회 2010 한국수처리학회지 Vol.18 No.1

비지박 및 맥주박 알코올 발효사료의 in vitro 발효특성

임광철,라창식,고용균,오진석,홍병주,신종서 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소(구 강원대학교 동물자원공동연구소) 1999 동물자원연구 Vol.10 No.-

Extrusion 가공처리 계분사료의 첨가수준이 재래산양의 육성능력, 영양소 소화율 및 체조성에 미치는 영향

김창혁,라창식,고병대,박재인,임광철,신종서 한국동물자원과학회 2002 한국축산학회지 Vol.44 No.6

본 시험은 계분의 가축 사료화의 일환으로 계분, 옥수수 및 타피오카를 50:30:20의 비율로 혼합하여 extrusion 가공한 계분사료(EPM)의 급여수준이 반추가축의 증체량, 사료요구율, 영양소 소화율 및 도체성적에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 평균체중이 10㎏ 내외의 한국재래산양 수컷 15두를 이용하여 EPM을 시험사료중에 각각 0, 10, 20, 30 및 40%씩 첨가 급여하여 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. Extrusion 가공처리 계분사료의 수분, 조지방 및 조섬유 함량는 extrusion 가공처리 전보다 각각 10.8, 0.2 및 0.5% 감소하였고, NFE는 1.7% 증가하였다. 사료섭취량은 대조구의 596.1g/day에 비해 EPM 20 및 30% 첨가구에서 각각 620.6 및 698.5g/day로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 40% 첨가구에서는 590.7g/day로 감소하였다. 일당 증체량은 대조구에서 119.8g으로 EPM 10, 20 및 30% 첨가구의 96.8, 98.3 및 108.2g/day와 거의 유사한 수준을 보였으나 EPM 40% 첨가구에서는 78.3g/day로 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 사료요구율은 대조구(5.01)에 비하여 EPM 첨가수준이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 EPM 40% 첨가구에서는 대조구에 비해 현저하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물 및 조단백질 소화율은 각 처리간에 큰 차이는 인정되지 않았으나, 조섬유 소화율은 대조구의 63.7%에 비해 EPM 10, 20, 30 및 40% 첨가구에서 각각 65.3, 67.5, 70.4 및 71.8%로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 조지방 소화율은 EPM 40% 첨가구에서 68.5%로 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았고(p<0.05). 다른 EMP 첨가구에서는 거의 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 도체율은 대조구의 49.7%에 비해 EPM 10, 20, 30 및 40% 첨가구에서 각각 49.7, 48.3, 47.8 및 45.2로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 산양고기중의 지방 함량은 대조구의 16.3%에 비해 EPM 첨가구 모두에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary level of extruded poultry manure, corn and tapioca mixture (EPM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and body composition in korean native goats. Total 15 heads of Korean native goats (10 ㎏ B.W.) were randomly assigned into five treatment groups (EPM 10, 20, 30, 40% and control.) and feeding trial was done for six weeks with ad libitum. Protein level of the extrudate with poultry manure was directly proportional to corn supplements rate. NFE and Ca content in EPM also were functional of the tapioca supplements levels. Daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in EPM 40% group, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Concentrate feed intake was high in EPM 10 to 30% groups, compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio also was relatively higher in EPM groups than in the control. As EPM level increased, dry matter digestibility was proportionally decreased, but that of crude protein was enhanced. Dressed carcass percentage was significantly (p<0.05) reduced with the increase of EPM level, showing control 49.7, EPM 10% 49.8, EPM 20% 48.3, EPM 30% 47.9 and EPM 40% 45.2, respectively.

Extrusion 가공 처리한 계분의 대체 급여가 브로일러의 육성성적 , 도체성적 및 수익성에 미치는 영향

채병조,라창식,김창혁,송영한 한국동물자원과학회 2000 한국축산학회지 Vol.42 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effects of extruded poultry manure(EPM) mixture on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body composition, panel test and profitability in broiler chicks. The tested EPM mixture was composed of 50% poultry manure, 30% ground corn and 20% tapioca. Protein content in diets was 21% for starter and 18% for finishing, but same energy content was maintained, 3,100 ㎉ for both. Feeding trial was done for six weeks with five treatment groups; control, 10% EPM, 20% EPM, 30% EPM and 40% EPM groups. Compared with control, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different in 10% EPM group (P$lt;0.05), but those were significantly decreased in other groups (EPM 20 to 40%). Carcass percentage was lower in all EPM groups, showing the higher EPM content, the lower carcass (P$lt;0.05). Contents of crude protein and fat in carcass were significantly higher in EPM groups than in control. Also, the fat content in carcass was proportional to the EPM content in diet. Any significant difference was not found in panel test among treatments. Regarding to feeding costs, the higher EPM content in diet was resulted in the lower cost. However, overall profitability was lower in EPM groups than in the control.

Alcaligenes faecalis NS13에 의한 호기성 종속영양 질산화 및 탈질화

정택경,라창식,조기성,송홍규,Jung, Taeck-Kyung,Ra, Chang-Six,Joh, Ki-Seong,Song, Hong-Gyu 한국미생물학회 2016 미생물학회지 Vol.52 No.2

호기적 조건에서 질산화와 탈질화를 동시에 진행하는 Alcaligenes faecalis NS13 균주를 분리하여 다양한 특성을 파악하였다. 이 균주는 $15-37^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 생장할 수 있으며 암모니움 산화율이 높고 고농도의 암모니움 환경에서도 생장이 저해되지 않고 초기 암모니움 농도 증가에 따라 제거량이 증가하였다. pH와 염분농도에 대해서도 내성 범위가 넓어 암모니움 산화가 영향을 받지 않았다. 질산화에 이어진 탈질화로 인해 질산염의 축적이 일어나지 않았으며 탈질화의 중간산물인 아산화질소는 미량 검출되었지만 배양 후 모든 질소 화합물을 측정한 결과 약 42.8%가 $N_2$로 전환된 것으로 추정되었다. 탈질화는 PCR 증폭을 통해서 탈질화에 관여하는 유전자 nitrate reductase gene, napA과 nitrous oxide reductase gene, nosZ의 존재로 뒷받침되었다. 또한 배지 내 질소의 46.4%가 NS13 균주로 동화되었기 때문에 폐수처리 시 질산화 및 탈질화 후에 슬러지로 처분한다면 실질적으로 89% 이상의 우수한 암모니움의 제거효과를 거둘 수 있을 것이다. In order to find an efficient bacterial strain that can carry out nitrification and denitrification simultaneously, we isolated many heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria from wastewater treatment plant. One of isolates NS13 showed high removal rate of ammonium and was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis by analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, carbon source utilization and fatty acids composition. This bacterium could remove over 99% of ammonium in a heterotrophic medium containing 140 mg/L of ammonium at pH 6-9, $25-37^{\circ}C$ and 0-4% of salt concentrations within 2 days. It showed even higher ammonium removal at higher initial ammonium concentration in the medium. A. faecalis NS13 could also reduce nitrate and nitrous oxide by nitrate reductase and nitrous oxide reductase, respectively, which was confirmed by detection of nitrate reductase gene, napA, and nitrous oxide reducase gene, nosZ, by PCR. One of metabolic intermediate of denitrification, $N_2O$ was detected from headspace of bacterial culture. Based on analysis of all nitrogen compounds in the bacterial culture, 42.8% of initial nitrogen seemed to be lost as nitrogen gas, and 46.4% of nitrogen was assimilated into bacterial biomass which can be removed as sludge in treatment processes. This bacterium was speculated to perform heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification simultaneously, and may be utilized for N removal in wastewater treatment processes.

소 백혈병 Provirus DNA의 PCR법에 의한 증폭 및 ECL법에 의한 검출에 관한 연구

김우호,라창식,안수환,윤지병 대한바이러스학회 1992 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.22 No.1

For the development of DNA diagnostics of animal infections, we adopted the amplification and detection of bovine leukosis proviral DNA by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and enhanced chemiluminescence(ECL) technique performances as a model system. The PCR technique is an in vitro method in which genomic or cloned target sequences are specifically and enzymatically amplified as directed by a pair of oligonucleotide primers. So, the PCR technique is an excellent rnethod to address the issues of sensitivity and specificity in the characterization of nucleic acids. The fact that the PCR technique allows the specific amplification of discrete fragments of DNA makes it much easier to detect nucleic acid fragments that are initially present in the sample in picogram quantities. The ECL gene detection systern is also a novel sensitive, non-radioactive system for the detection of nucleic acid hybridized on both nylon or nitrocellulose membranes. It is characterized by direct labelling of probe sequences with horseradish peroxidase(HRP) combined an ECL detection reaction: the light output is captured on bluelight sensitive film. Bovine leukosis virus(BLV) is considerably distributed in cattle herds. It infects B lymphocytes and causes neoplastic disease with various levels of infected animals. Direct economic losses are incurred as a result of death, reduced milk production and condemnation at slaughter. Thus, the iden- tification of cattle infected with BLV is of significant concern to the cattle industry. For this reason, PCR amplification and ECL gene detection systems were applied to examine cattle for the presence of BLV proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC). BLV sequences were detected in 15(10.2%) of 147 dairy cattle examined (30 Korean cattle were all negative) by PCR-ECL system. Syncytium assay by in vitro cocultivation rnethod has showed 12 of 15 PCR-positive samples. These findings indicate that PCR-ECL is a sensitive method for the detection of BLV in cattle. Thus, in principle, these methods are easily applicable not only to the DNA diagnosis of BLV, but also to the DNA diagnosis of other microorganisms including various viruses.