開港期의 近代的 金融機關에 관한 史的考察

金熙仲 湖南大學校 1983 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.3 No.-

In the normal developing process of capitalistic economy, the monetary and financial system was formed ineviatably concomitant with the developing process of productivity departments and assumed the form of making process in reciprocal action of production, exchange and consumption. However, the developing process of Korean captalism was entirely different from the normal developing process and there was no exception in the change of monetary and financial system. It was because, when Japan invaded Korea politically or economically, they regarded the control of money and finance as the first steps for invasion. For this purpose, on the opportunity of the peace treaty between Lee Dynasty art Japan under the pressure of Japan , the Japanese escablished their colonial financial system on this lard with their banks-the modern financial institution - infiltrated. Consequently, Korea was accepted the first modern fiancial institution by Japan and in order to cope with this established the modern national financial institution at last, but it did not give satisfactory results. Throughout the invading process of the Japanese bank into Korea during the Port Opening Era (1876-1910), we can find out the for lowing charcteristice. 1. All the branches of the Japanese bank in Korea were no other than the merchants' bank founded by Japanese merchants. All the central figures of those who had founded the bratnches in Korea were edther great businessmen or rich merchants. 2. In addition to their usual functions, all the branches of the Japanese bank in Korea dealt with the special affairs, the purchase of gold bullion , the treatment of national funds and the maritime custom duties, and lending toward Korean government, etc. AccordingIy they served as the colonial bank with the above functons. 3. Though the Japanese were much opposed to the ppossility of the Korean national bank growing as national funds, they Permitted the survival of national bank under the colonial financial system and tried to even help the national bank to grow to that extent. 4. The Japanse tried only to solidify the subordinate relationship under the control of their financial funds throughout the indirect control of Korean mational bank. It is that Korean kept up its political independence until 1904, and that the financial power of Korean national banks was not worth looking at, and because they did not want to stimuulate the Koreas fruitlessly. 5. Though Korean national bank did not give satisfactory results and suffered the exploitation from the Japanese, it was established and developed under the idea of competition, rivalry, anti-Japan, and resistance to Japan, etc. 6. All the branches of the Japanese bank had the Japanese as their customers and bank loans were spent exclusively on tray. That is to say, the branches were the provider of money needed for the Japanese financial invasion of Korea. 7. There had been the traditional financial organizations in Korea before the port Opening Era, but they were all abandoned to the fate of the forced dismemberment by the aggressive foreign financial institution.

오너코너 - 자동차 보험 유형별 보상사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1993 防災와 保險 Vol.56 No.-

자동차보험 유형별 보상 사례 - 주차 차량의 손해 배상 책임

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1993 防災와 保險 Vol.58 No.-

오너코너 - 자동차보험 유형별 보상 사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1992 防災와 保險 Vol.54 No.-

오너코너 - 자동차보험 유형별 보상 사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1992 防災와 保險 Vol.55 No.-

오너코너 - 자동차보험 유형별 보상 사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1992 防災와 保險 Vol.53 No.-

오너코너 - 자동차 보험의 유형별 보상 사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1991 防災와 保險 Vol.52 No.-

오너코너 - 자동차보험 유형별 보상사례

김희중,Kim, Hui-Jung 한국화재보험협회 1991 防災와 保險 Vol.51 No.-

원형단일결정을 이용한 SPECT의 정량화 연구

김희중,김한명,소수길,봉정균,이종두 한국의학물리학회 1998 의학물리 Vol.9 No.3

핵의학 단층촬영기를 이용하여 몸 안에서 일어나는 신진대사, 혈류량 공급, 생화학적 변화, 또는 뇌에서의 도파민 운반체, 수용체 등의 영상을 획득한 후 정량화할 수 있다면 환자의 조기진단뿐만 아니라 치료계획을 세우고 치료경과 등을 객관적으로 측정하는데 매우 유용할 것이다. 그러나 물리적 요소들인 감쇠, 산란, 부분용적 효과, 노이즈, 그리고 재구성 알고리즘 등은 SPECT 의 디자인에 관계없이 영상의 정성적 또는 정량적 결과에 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 뇌 촬영용 단일 결정 SPECT와 뇌 모형 팬텀을 이용하여 물리적 요소들 중 특히 감쇠와 산란의 영향을 정량화하고 보정 방법에 따른 결과를 정량 분석하였다. 산란 보정은 주 에너지 창 140keV$\pm$10% (126~154 keV)와 산란에너지 창 119keV$\pm$6% (112~126keV)를 이용하여 데이터를 획득한 후 산란 에너지 창의 100%를 빼주는 방법을 적용하였다. 영상 재구성은 차단주파수 0.95cycles/cm와 차수 10을 적용한 저역통과 Butterworth 여과기로 여과하여 여과후 역투사 방법으로 재구성하였다. 감쇠 상수는 산란 보정을 하지 않은 경우와 한 경우에 따라 각각 0.12cycles/cm 와 0.15cycles/cm 를 적용하여 뇌 내에서의 균일한 감쇠계수로 가정하고 Chang 방법에 의하여 감쇠에 대한 보정을 하였다. 정량분석을 위해 기저핵이 뚜렷이 보이는 3개의 단층면을 선택하여 기저핵과 그 외 뇌 영역에 관심영역을 구하였다. 산란보정을 하지 않았을 때 감쇠보정을 한 후의 ROI 값은 감쇠 보정전 ROI 값에 비해 기저핵 2.20배 배후 방사능 2.10배였다. 반면에 감쇠보정 후와 감쇠보정 전의 기저핵과 배후방사능의 비율은 매우 비슷했다. 산란보정을 한 후 감쇠보정을 한 ROI 값은 감쇠보정 전 ROI 값과 비교할 때 기저핵 2.69 배 배후 방사능 2.64 배로 뇌 영상의 절대적 정량적 분석을 위해서는 반드시 감쇠 보정이 필요한 것을 보여준다. 기저핵과 배후 방사능의 참값 비율이 6.58, 4.68, 1.86 일 때 산란 보정과 감쇠보정을 한 경우는 참값의 76%, 80%, 82%로 측정하였고 감쇠보정을 하지 않은 경우는 75%, 81%, 81%로 측정하였다. 참값의 비율이 낮을수록 참값에 가깝게 측정하였으나 산란과 감쇠보정을 한 경우에도 참값에 비해 약 20% 의 과소평가를 볼 수 있었다. 이는 본 논문에서 자세히 다루지 않은 부분용적 효과와 재구성 알고리즘 그리고 위에서 적용한 대략적인 감쇠와 산란보정 방법의 원인으로 사료되며 앞으로 더욱 연구되어야 할 분야이다. Nuclear medicine emission computed tomography(ECT) can be very useful to diagnose early stage of neuronal diseases and to measure theraputic results objectively, if we can quantitate energy metabolism, blood flow, biochemical processes, or dopamine receptor and transporter using ECT. However, physical factors including attenuation, scatter, partial volume effect, noise, and reconstruction algorithm make it very difficult to quantitate independent of type of SPECT. In this study, we quantitated the effects of attenuation and scatter using brain SPECT and three-dimensional brain phantom with and without applying their correction methods. Dual energy window method was applied for scatter correction. The photopeak energy window and scatter energy window were set to 140ke${\pm}$10% and 119ke${\pm}$6% and 100% of scatter window data were subtracted from the photopeak window prior to reconstruction. The projection data were reconstructed using Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency of 0.95cycles/cm and order of 10. Attenuation correction was done by Chang's method with attenuation coefficients of 0.12/cm and 0.15/cm for the reconstruction data without scatter correction and with scatter correction, respectively. For quantitation, regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the three slices selected at the level of the basal ganglia. Without scatter correction, the ratios of ROI average values between basal ganglia and background with attenuation correction and without attenuation correction were 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. However, the ratios between basal ganglia and background were very similar for with and without attenuation correction. With scatter correction, the ratios of ROI average values between basal ganglia and background with attenuation correction and without attenuation correction were 2.69 and 2.64, respectively. These results indicate that the attenuation correction is necessary for the quantitation. When true ratios between basal ganglia and background were 6.58, 4.68, 1.86, the measured ratios with scatter and attenuation correction were 76%, 80%, 82% of their true ratios, respectively. The approximate 20% underestimation could be partially due to the effect of partial volume and reconstruction algorithm which we have not investigated in this study, and partially due to imperfect scatter and attenuation correction methods that we have applied in consideration of clinical applications.

다관절 유영로봇에 적용하기 위한 물방개의 유영패턴 분석

김희중,이지홍 한국로봇학회 2012 로봇학회 논문지 Vol.7 No.4

In these days, researches about underwater robots have been actively in progress for the purposes of ocean detection and resource exploration. Unlike general underwater robots such as ROV(Remotely Operated Vehicle) and AUV(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) which have propellers, an articulated underwater robot which is called Crabster has been being developed in KORDI(Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute) with many cooperation organizations since 2010. The robot is expected to be able to walk and swim under the sea with its legs. Among many researching fields of this project, we are focusing on a swimming section. In order to find effective swimming locomotion for the robot, we approached this subject in terms of Biomimetics. As a model of optimized swimming organism in nature, diving beetles were chosen. In the paper, swimming motions of diving beetles were analyzed in viewpoint of robotics for applying them into the swimming motion of the robot. After modeling the kinematics of diving beetle through robotics engineering technique, we obtained swimming patterns of the one of living diving beetles, and then compared them with calculated optimal swimming patterns of a robot leg. As the first trial to compare the locomotion data of legs of the diving beetle with a robot leg, we have sorted two representative swimming patterns such as forwarding and turning. Experimental environment has been set up to get the motion data of diving beetles. The experimental equipment consists of a transparent aquarium and a high speed camera. Various swimming motions of diving beetles were recorded with the camera. After classifying swimming patterns of the diving beetle, we can get angular data of each joint on hind legs by image processing software, Image J. The data were applied to an optimized algorithm for swimming of a robot leg which was designed by robotics engineering technique. Through this procedure, simulated results which show trajectories of a robot leg were compared with trajectories of a leg of a diving beetle in desired directions. As a result, we confirmed considerable similarity in the result of trajectory and joint angles comparison.