http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
우측상대정맥 없이 좌측 상대정맥이 좌심방으로 유입되는 활로씨 사징증의 수술치험 1례
김혁,김병일,김남수,김영학,정원상,강정호,지행옥,이철범,전석철,Kim, Hyuk,Kim, Byoung-Il,Kim, Nam-Su,Kim, Young-Hak,Chung, Won-Sang,Kang, Jung-Ho,Jee, Heng-Ok,Lee, Chul-Bum,Jeon, Seok-Chol 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1999 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.32 No.12
A persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus is the most benign and widely encountered abnormality and can easily be explained embryologically as the persistence of the usual pattern of vnous circulation in the embryo,. However a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium with absent right superior vena cava is an extremely rare anomaly. We report this situation in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot. The most common approach has traditionally been intraatrial baffle repair to create a tunnel to the right atrium or rerouting of the left superior vena cava flow by directly anastomosing the left superior vena cava to the right atrium In the present study the left superior vena cava was transposed to the left pulmonary artery after the correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The most common approach has traditionally been intraatrial baffle repair to create a tunnel to the right atrium or rerouting of the left superior vena cava flow by directly anastomosing the left superior vena cava to the right atrium. In the present study the left superior vena cava was transposed to the left pulmonary artery after the correction of tetralogy of Fallot.
일본 경찰의 가정 밖 청소년에 대한 보호⋅개입 및 그 시사점
김혁 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2019 치안정책연구 Vol.33 No.1
In Japan, the response system is structured so that welfare intervention and judicial intervention can be carried out in a complex and overlapping manner in protecting the out-of-home juveniles. In particular, the police have established rules for juvenile police activities and actively engage in wide-ranging interventions for out-of-home juveniles from the perspective of prevention of juvenile delinquency and the protection of them, thereby acting as a window for substantial public intervention. Although it can not be said that the specific legal basis for supporting the exercise of the police power in the intervention process is not fully established, the Japanese police not only secure the effectiveness of law enforcement through active interpretation of relevant laws, they also exercise considerable discretion in judging judicial intervention. On the background of this, the police have established 「juvenile support center」 for a long time and have placed professional staff in the relevant departments. It is highly suggestive in Korea because it is difficult to say that the protection of youth outside the home is properly performed at the police level. 일본의 경우 가정 밖 청소년의 발견, 보호⋅지원에 있어 복지적 개입과 사법적 개입이 상호 복합적⋅중첩적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 대응체계가 구조화 되어 있다. 특히 일본 경찰은 「소년경찰활동규칙」을 제정하고, 비행 예방 및 소년의 보호의 관점에서 가정 밖 청소년에 대하여 폭넓고 다양한 개입을 적극적으로 실시함으로써 그들에 대한 실질적인 공적 개입의 창구역할을 담당하고 있다. 비록 개입과정에서 경찰의 권한 행사를 뒷받침하기 위한 구체적인 법적 근거가 완비되었다고는 볼 수 없지만, 일본 경찰은 관련 법률의 적극적인 해석을 통하여 법집행의 실효성을 확보하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 복지적 개입과 사법적 개입의 판단에 있어서도 실무상 상당한 재량권을 행사하고 있다. 그러한 배경에는 경찰에서 오랜 기간 소년서포트센터(support center)를 설치하고 소년보도직원을 관련 기능에 배치하는 등 전문성을 확보하기 위하여 꾸준히 노력해온 실무의 운용이 자리 잡고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이는 학교전담경찰관을 운용하는 등 과거에 비하여 경찰의 예방 및 보호활동이 활성화되고는 있지만, 경찰단계에서 가정 밖 청소년에 대한 보호가 제대로 이루어지고 있다고 단언하기 힘든 우리나라의 현실에 시사하는 바가 크다. 또한 일본 경찰은 「아동복지법」상의 일시보호 규정을 적극적으로 활용하여 가정 밖 청소년을 실효적으로 보호하고 있다. 물론 일시보호는 그 자체만을 놓고 보면 아동의 자유를 제한하는 측면이 있기는 하지만, 종국적으로는 성장발달권이라고 하는 아동의 실질적인 권리를 보장한다는 측면에서 의미 있는 개입수단이 될 수 있다. 경찰에서 가정 밖 청소년을 발견하여 쉼터 등에 인계하더라도 해당 청소년이 입소를 거부하거나 해당 기관에서 인수를 거부하는 경우 마땅한 조치를 취하고 있지 않은 우리나라의 현실을 감안할 때, 일본의 제도 운영은 경찰의 가정 밖 청소년 보호의 실효성 제고의 측면에서 참고할 만하다.
베이지안 분류 기반 통합가뭄지수를 활용한 낙동강 유역의 미래 가뭄에 대한 수문학적 위험도 분석
김혁,김지은,김지영,유지영,김태웅 대한토목학회 2023 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.43 No.3
'Recently, the frequency and intensity of meteorological disasters have increased due to climate change. In South Korea, there are regional differences in vulnerability and response capability to cope with climate change because of regional climate characteristics. In particular, drought results from various factors and is linked to extensive meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural impacts. Therefore, in order to effectively cope with drought, it is necessary to use a composite drought index that can take into account various factors, and to evaluate future droughts comprehensively considering climate change. This study evaluated hydrologic risk(R) of future drought in the Nakdong River basin based on the Dynamic Naive Bayesian Classification (DNBC)-based composite drought index, which was calculated by applying Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), Evaporate Stress Index (ESI) and Water Supply Capacity Index (WSCI) to the DNBC. The indices used in the DNBC were calculated using observation data and climate scenario data. A bivariate frequency analysis was performed for the severity and duration of the composite drought. Then using the estimated bivariate return periods, hydrologic risks of drought were calculated for observation and future periods. The overall results indicated that there were the highest risks during the future period (2021-2040) (R=0.572), and Miryang River (#2021) had the highest risk (R=0.940) on average. The hydrologic risk of the Nakdong River basin will increase highly in the near future (2021-2040). During the far future (2041-2099), the hydrologic risk decreased in the northern basins, and increased in the southern basins. 최근 기후변화로 인해 기상재해의 발생빈도와 강도가 증가하고 있다. 우리나라는 지역별 기후 특성의 편차로 인해 기후변화에 따른 취약성 및 대응능력이 지역별로 차이가 크다. 특히 가뭄은 다양한 요인에 의해 발생하고, 기상학적, 수문학적, 농업적 영향 범위가 광범위하다. 따라서 가뭄에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 다양한 요인을 고려할 수 있는 통합가뭄지수를 활용할 필요가 있으며, 기후변화를 고려한 미래 가뭄을 종합적으로 평가해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 베이지안 분류(DNBC) 기반의 통합가뭄지수를 활용하여 낙동강 유역의 미래 가뭄에 대한 수문학적 위험도(R)를 평가하였다. 우선, 관측자료와 기후변화 시나리오 자료를 이용하여 부문별 가뭄지수(SPI, SDI, ESI, WSCI)를 DNBC에 적용하여 통합가뭄지수를 산정하였다. 산정된 통합가뭄지수의 심도와 지속기간을 대상으로 이변량 가뭄빈도분석을 실시하고, 이변량 재현기간을 활용하여 수문학적 위험도를 산정하였다. 그 결과, S2(2021-2040) 기간에서 위험도가 가장 높게 나타났으며(R=0.572), 평균적으로 위험도가 가장 높은 지역은 밀양강(#2021)이었다(R=0.94). 단기 미래(2021-2040) 기간 동안 낙동강 유역의 수문학적 위험도는 전반적으로 큰 폭으로 상승하였으며, 중·장기 미래(2041-2070, 2071-2099) 기간 동안 낙동강 유역 북부의 위험도는 감소하고 남부의 위험도는 상승하였다.
김혁 한국소년정책학회 2023 少年保護硏究 Vol.36 No.1
Protection procedures, which were based only on the Juvenile Act in the past, have been extended to family protection cases, child protection cases, and child victim protection order cases. In addition, in these cases, the court-appointed assistant system for legal assistance of actors or children affected has also been expanded. However, despite the purpose of the court-appointed assistant system to guarantee actors’ rights or protect the fundamental rights of victims, it is difficult to assert that the system is operating for its original purpose due to questions about the nature and function of the court-appointed assistant and budget problems. In this situation, reviewing the contents and operation status of foreign systems can be an important reference for improving our system, and the Japanese system, which has a similar system to ours, is of great value. In Japan, only lawyers can become public assistants in juvenile protection cases, and the problem of blind spots in legal support for the vulnerable is solved by utilizing the duty assistant system. In addition, the Japan Legal Support Center not only manages public assistance-related projects but also manages court-appointed defense counsels and attorneys at law for victims. In addition, in consideration of the difficulty of the trial, the standards for payment of attorney fees suitable for each characteristic are stipulated in detail. In particular, it is impressive that it is designed to enable practical legal assistance by establishing a performance-based pay system.
김혁,임동우,박성윤,박선동,박원환,김재은 대한한의학회 2017 대한한의학회지 Vol.38 No.2
Objectives: Beakdugu-tang (BDGT) consists of three medicinal herbs, and this prescription has long been used in treatment of various digestant problem in Korea. In this study, we designed to clarify mechanisms by which Korean traditional digestive medicine, BDGT, may exert anti-hepatic steatosis effects via improved insulin resistance cell model in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and monocyte (THP-1). Materials and methods: The preparation of BDGT and constituents were extracted with 70% ethanol. HepG2 and THP-1 were treated with different concentrations of BDGT and constituents in the presence and absence of stimulants such as free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), respectively. Results: The BDGT and its constituents inhibited the FFAs-stimulated lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Ethanol extracts of Amomum cardamomum (ACE) improved the ox-LDL induced insulin resistance in THP-1 cells. Also, treatment of monocytic cells with ACE increased anti-hepatic steatosis related gene levels including ABCA, ABCG and SR-B1. Conclusion: The results suggest that the ethanol extract of BDGT and its constituents potently inhibit the FFAs- and ox-LDL induced liver steatosis via improved insulin resistance.
A comparison of i-gelTM and LMA SupremeTM in anesthetized and paralyzed children
김혁,이지연,이승윤,박상융,이승철,정찬종 대한마취통증의학회 2014 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.67 No.5
Background: Both the i-gelTM (i-gel) and LMA SupremeTM (Supreme) are new single-use second generation supraglotticairway devices available in pediatric sizes. This study was designed to investigate the i-gel in comparison with the Supremein children undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: One hundred children with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II undergoing generalanesthesia were randomly assigned to either the i-gel or the Supreme group (50 children in each group). The device sizewas chosen according to weight of the children. We assessed the insertion success rate, insertion time, oropharyngealleak pressure, grade of the fiberoptic glottic view, number of airway manipulations required, and postoperative complications. Results: There were no differences in the demographic data between the two groups. The success rate of insertion wassame in both groups. The insertion time of the i-gel was longer than that of Supreme (P = 0.004). The oropharyngeal leakpressure in the i-gel group was higher than that in the Supreme group (P = 0.013). On fiberoptic examination, the vocalcords were visible in 90% of the children in the i-gel group and in 96% of the children in the Supreme group. The numberof airway manipulations required was higher in the i-gel group (14 cases) than in the Supreme group (1 case) (P < 0.001). There were no differences in complications including blood staining of the device and sore throat between both groups. Conclusions: Both the i-gel and Supreme provided a satisfactory airway during general anesthesia in children. Comparedto the Supreme, the i-gel demonstrated a higher oropharyngeal leak pressure, longer time for insertion, and agreater number of airway manipulations during anesthesia.