NaI ( T1 ) 섬광결정과 위치민감형 광전자증배관을 이용한 유방암 진단용 소형 감마카메라 개발

김종호,최용,권홍성,김희중,김상은,최연성,이경한,김문회,주관식,김병태 ( Jong Ho Kim,Yong Choi,Hong Seong Kwon,Hee Joung Kim,Sang Eun Kim,Yearn Seong Choe,Kyung Han Lee,Moon Hae Kim,Koan Sik Joo,Byung Tae Kim ) 대한핵의학회 1998 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose: The conventional gamma camera is not ideal for scintimammography because of its large detector size ( 500 mm in width) causing high cost and low image quality. We are developing a small gamma camera dedicated for breast imaging. Materils and Methods: The small gamma camera system consists of a NaI (Tl) crystal (60 mm X60 mm X6 mm) coupled with a Hamamatsu R3941 Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PSPMT), a resister chain circuit, preamplifiers, nuclear instrument modules, an analog to digital converter and a personal computer for control and display. The PSPMT was read out using a standard resistive charge division which multiplexes the 34 cross wire anode channels into 4 signals (X, X, Y, Y ). Those signals were individually amplified by four preamplifers and then, shaped and amplified by amplifiers. The signals were discriminated and digitized via triggering signal and used to localize the position of an event by applying the Anger logic. Results: The intrinsic sensitivity of the system was approximately 8,000 counts/.'ec/pCi. High quality flood and hole mask images were obtained. Breast phantom containing 2-7 mm diameter spheres was successfully imaged with a parallel hole collimator. The image displayed accurate size and activity distribution over the imaging field of view. Conclusion: We have succesfully developed a small gamma camera using NaI(T1)-PSPMT and nuclear instrument modules. The small gamma camera developed in this study might imprnve the diagnostic accuracy of scintimammography by optimally imaging the breast. (Korean J Nucl Med 1998;32:365-73)

소형 감마카메라 제작에 사용되는 NaI(TI)- 광전자증배관 검출기의 민감도와 위치 분해능 특성 연구를 위한 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션

김종호,최용,김준영,임기천,김상은,최연성,주관식,김영진,김병태,Kim, Jong-Ho,Choi, Yong,Kim, Jun-Young,Im, Ki-Chun,Kim, Sang-Eun,Choi, Yeon-Sung,Joo, Kwan-Sik,Kim, Young-Jin,Kim, Byung-Tae 한국의학물리학회 1997 의학물리 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구에서는 유방암 진단용 감마카메라 제작 시에 고려되어야 하는 섬광체의 크기와 섬광체 면의 적절한 표면처리가 카메라의 민감도와 위치 분해능에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 섬광의 광학적 특성을 몬테카를로(Monte Carlo) 시뮬레이션 방법을 이용하여 고찰하였다. 섬광체는 NaI(TI) 결정체로 크기가 60 mm $\times$ 60 mm $\times$ 6 mm이며, 발생한 섬광이 광전자증배관의 광음극에 도달할 때까지를 시뮬레이션 하였다. 섬광체 표면 처리를(5가지 : Ground,. Polished, Metal-0.95RC(반사계수), Polished-0.98RC, Painted-0.98RC) 변화시켜 민감도를 계산하였다. 섬광체와 광전자증배관 (photomultiplier tube, PMT)의 접합면에 사용되는 물질의 굴절률 변화에 따른 민감도와 NaI(TI) 섬광체 창으로 많이 사용되고 있는 유리의 두께 변화에 따른 민감도를 조사하였다. 또한 섬광 결정체의 내인성 위치 분해능(intrinsic position resolution)을 섬광이 발생된 후 섬광 퍼짐(light spread) 정도를 시뮬레이션 함으로써 고찰하였다. 감마선의 입사면을 각각 Ground, Polished, Metal-0.95RC, Polished-0.98RC, Painted-0.98RC로 표면처리 하였을 때 민감도가 70.9%, 73.9%, 78.6%, 80.1%, 85.2%로 나타나 Painted-0.98RC일 때 민감도가 가장 우수하였다. 섬광체와 광전자증배관의 접합에 사용된 물질의 굴절률이 증가할수록 민감도가 증가하였으며 매질이 두꺼울수록 민감도는 저하되었다. 디자인된 검출기의 내인성 위치분해능은 수직, 수평 방향으로 약 1.2 mm로 예측되었다. 이 연구에서는 감마카메라의 성능에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 NaI (Tl)-PMT의 민감도와 위치 분해능을 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 예견할 수 있었으며, 본 연구결과 NaI(TI)-PMT를 이용한 검출기가 고민감도ㆍ고해상력이 요구되는 유방암 진단용 소형 감마카메라 제작에 적합하다고 판단된다. We studied optical behavior of scintillation light generated in NaI(TI) crystal using Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulation was performed for the model of NaI(TI) scintillator (size: 60 mm ${\times}$ 60 mm ${\times}$ 6 mm) using an optical tracking code. The sensitivity as a function of surface treatment (Ground, Polished, Metal-0.95RC, Polished-0.98RC, Painted- 0.98RC) of the incident surface of the scintillator was compared. The effects of NaI(TI) scintillator thickness and the refractive index of light guide optically coupling between the NaI(TI) scintillator and photomultiplier tube (PMT) were simulated. We also evaluated intrinsic position resolution of the system by calculating the spread of scintillation light generated. The sensitivities of the system having the surface treatment of Ground, Polished, Metal-0.95RC, Polished-0.98RC and Painted-0.98RC were 70.9%, 73.9%, 78.6%, 80.1% and 85.2%, respectively, and the surface treatment of Painted-0.98RC allowed the highest sensitivity. As increasing the thickness of scintillation crystal and light guide, the sensitivity of the system was decreased. As the refractive index of light guide increases, the sensitivity was increased. The intrinsic position resolution of the system was estimated to be 1.2 mm in horizontal and vertical directions. In this study, the performance of NaI(TI)-PMT detector system was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the results, we concluded that the NaI(TI)-PMT detector array is a favorable configuration for small gamma camera imaging breast tumor using Tc-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

랫드 일차 배양 간세포에서 에탄올의 독성에 대한 헛개나무 물추출물의 보호효과

김종호,서영민,김주현,현선희,이상규,김춘화,강미정,전태원,윤수홍,정태천,Kim, Jong-Ho,Seo, Young-Min,Kim, Ju-Hyun,Hyun, Sun-Hee,Lee, Sang-Kyu,Kim, Chun-Hwa,Kang, Mi-Jeong,Jeon, Tae-Won,Yoon, Soo-Hong,Jeong, Tae-Cheon 대한약학회 2008 약학회지 Vol.52 No.1

The hepatoprotective effects of the water extracts of Hovenia dulcis Thunb (HD) were investigated in vitro. Following the induction of hepatotoxicity by ethanol in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, the protective effects of four different water extracts of HD were determined through serial dose-response and time-dependent studies. The individual extracts used in these studies were prepared from fruits, seeds, leaves and tubes. Treatment of hepatocyte cultures with the water extracts of HD provided a significant protection from the increased lactate dehydrogenase activity induced by ethanol. Particularly, the fruits extract was the most effective against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in the primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. The results demonstrated that the extracts might have the protective effect against ethanol-induced toxicity in hepatocyte cultures.

측두엽성간질의 간질병소 편측화에서 99mTc - HMPAO SPECT의 유용성 : 뇌파 , 자기 공명 영상 및 전산화 단층 영상과의 비교

김종호,김종순,김상은,최창운,이동수,정준기,이명철,고창순,이남수,명호진 ( Jong Ho Kim,Jong Soon Kim,Sang Eun Kim,Chang Woon Choi,Dong Soo Lee,June Key Chung,Myung Chul Lee,Chang Soon Koh,Nam Soo Lee,Ho Jin Myung,) 대한핵의학회 1991 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.25 No.1

섬유성 골 이형성증의 골 신티그라피 소견

김종호,김종순,한승수,김상은,최창운,이동수,정준기,이명철,고창순,강흥식 ( Jong Ho Kim,Jong Soon Kim,Seung Soo Han,Sang Eun Kim,Chang Woon Choi,Dong Soo Lee,June Key Chung,Myung Chul Lee,Chang Soon Koh,Heung Sik Kang ) 대한핵의학회 1991 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.25 No.2

ARM920T 기반의 다기능 UHF RFID 리더 플랫폼 기술 개발

김종호,이상신,김영길,김용득,Kim Jong-ho,Lee Sang-sin,Kim Young-kil,Kim Yong-deak 대한전자공학회 2005 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.42 No.2

본 논문은 RFID 태그 정보를 무선으로 수신하여 처리한 후 이들 정보를 RS-232, USB, Bluetooth 또는 Ethernet 인터페이스를 통하여 PC서버에 전달하는 기능을 수행하는 다기능 UHF 대역 RFID 리더 플랫폼의 설계 및 구현을 위한 것이다. 개발하고자 하는 Embedded RFID 리더는 크게 RFID 모듈, ARM 프로세서, RS-B2 인터페이스, USB 인터페이스, Enternet MAC 인터페이스, Bluetooth 인터페이스 등으로 구성된다. 본고를 통하여 RFID의 개념 및 리더의 동작원리를 소개하고 임베디드 프로세스를 사용한 리더플랫폼 및 관련 알고리즘을 제안하고 구현한다. 설계된 플랫폼에 대하여 고정형과 이동형으로 나누어 그 기능을 분석하고 평가한다. This paper is about designing and implementation of Multi-Function UHF RFID Reader Platform that receives and processes RFID tag data from the tags, and transmits the data to PC server through Bluetooth, USB, RS-232 or Ethernet. This reader system is composed of RFID module, ARM processor, RS-232 interface, USB, Ethernet MAC interface, Bluetooth etc.. This paper also provides a brief overview and concept of RFID reader, and proposes the design and implementations of the RFID reader platform. The paper evaluates and analyzes two practical implementations, fixed type and portable type.

전혈 , 림프구와 백혈구 연층 각각의 방사성 동위원소 체외 조사후 배양을 이용한 생물학적 선량측정

김종호,이동수,최창운,정준기,이명철,고창순,김종순,김희근,강덕원,송명재 ( Jong Ho Kim,Dong Soo Lee,Chang Woon Choi,June Key Chung,Myung Chul Lee,Chang Soon Koh,Chong Soon Kim,Hee Geun Kim,Duck Won Kang,Myung Jae Song ) 대한핵의학회 1995 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study was to establish mononuclear cell cultures such as lymphocytes or buffy coat for the biological dosimetry of in vitro irradiation of the radionuclide Tc 99m in order to exclude the effect of residual doses seen in the cultures of whole blood. Biological dosimetry of Tc-99m on cultured mononuclear cells at doses ranging from 0.05 to 6.00 Gy, by scoring unstable chromosomal aberrations(Ydr) observed in cultured lymphocytes, were performed using peripheral venous blood of healthy normal person. The results showed that; (1) Jn vitro irradiation of radioisotope in separated lymphocyte or buffy coat showed trace amount af residual doses of isotope after washing. Residual doses of isotopes are increased in proportion tn exposed time and irradiated dose without difference between I-131 anct Tc 99m. (2) We obtained these linear-quadratic dose response equations in lymphocyte and buffy coat culture after in vitro irradiation of Tc-99m, respectively (Ydr = 0,001949 D+ 0,006279B+ 0.000185; Ydr= 0.002531 D 0.003274 D+0.003488). In aonclusion, the linear quadrstic dose response equation from in vitro irradiation of Tc 99m with lymphocyte and buffy coat culture was thought to be useful for assessing Tc 99m indueed biological effects. And mononuclear cell cultures seem to be the most appropriate experimental rnodel for the assessment of biological dosimetry of internal irradiation of radionuclides.

섬광체 옆 표면처리가 소형 감마카메라 영상에 미치는 효과

김종호,최용,김준영,오차환,김상은,최연성,이경한,주관식,김병태,Kim, J. H.,Choi, Y.,Kim, J. Y.,Oh, C. H.,Kim, S. E.,Choe, Y. S.,Lee, K. H.,Joo, K. S.,Kim, B. T. 대한의용생체공학회 1999 의공학회지 Vol.20 No.6

감마카메라에서 섬광체는 감마선을 검출하여 카메라의 영상 특성을 결정하는 주요한 센서역할을 한다. 이 연구에서는 감마카메라 제작시에 고려되어야 하는 섬광체의 옆표면처리가 감마카메라영상에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 섬광체는 크기가 20mm (직경 $\times$10mm(두께)인 NaI(TI) 와 CsI(TI)를 설정하여 옆표면처리를 반사체와 흡수체로 하였다 . 선정한 4개의 섬광체에서 감마선에 의해 발생한 섬광이 광전자증배관의 광음극에 도달할 때 까지의 광학적 특성을 몬테카를로(Monte Carlo) 시뮬레이션 방법을 이용하여 고찰하였다. 또한 이 네 개의 섬광체를 위치민감형 광전자증배관에 광학적으로 결합하여 Tc-99m 140 keV 에 대한 민감도와 플러드 영상, 에너지 분해능 그리고 위치분해능을 측정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, NAI(TI)-반사체가 가장 우수한 민감도를 보인 것으로 계산되었으며, 감마카메라를 이용하여 획득한 플러드영상에서 민감도는 NAI(TI)-반사체 2920cps/$\mu$Ci, NaI(TI)-흡수체2322 cps/$\mu$Ci, CsI(TI) 반사체 1754 cps/$\mu$Ci, CsI(TI)/흡수체 1401 cps/$\mu$Ci로 축정되었다. 내인성 위치분해능은 NaI(TI)-반사체 5.17mm, , NaI(TI)-흡수체 4.54mm, CsI(TI)-반사체 6.99m, CsI(TI)-흡수체 6.31 mm FWHM의 결과를 나타냈다. Tc -99m 140 keV에 대한 에너지분해능은 NaI(TI)-반사체 12.5%, NAI(TI) -흡수체 23.5%, CSI(TI)-반사체 20.5%, CsI(TI) -흡수체 33.3% FWHM으로 측정되었다. 이 연구에서는 감마카메라에서 사용되는 섬광체의 옆표면처리가 카메라의 주요특성에 직접적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 시뮬레이션과 실체 측정방법으로 고찰할 수 있었으며, 두 가지 방법이 일치된 결과를 보여주었다. 결론적으로 섬광체와 광전자증배관 그리고 Tc-99m 선원을 이용하여 영상획득을 목적으로 하는 감마카메라 제작에서는 NAaI(TI) 섬광체가 CSI(TI) 보다 적합하며, 해상력을 고려할 경우에는 섬광체 옆표면을 흡수체로 민감도를 고려할 경우에는 반사체로 선택하여 처리해야 함을 확인하였다. Scintillator crystal is an important part and detcrmines performance characteristics of the gamma camera. We investigated the offects of scintillation crystal surface treatment on gamma camera imaging. Nal(TI) and Csl(Tl) scintillators. 20 mm diameter and 10 mm thickness, applied with two different surface treatments, white and black reflcetors, were applied to Nal(Tl) and Csl(Ti). The optical properties of generated scintillation light were evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation method and by actual measurement using a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT). We measured sensitivity, energy resolution and spatial resolution of gamma camera with the various scintillators coupled to a PSPMT. In the simulation. Nal(Tl)-white prosented the best sensitivity. In the measurements, the sensitivities and the intrinsic spatial resolutions of Nal(Tl)-white, Nal(Tl)-black. CsI(Tl)-white, CsI(Tl)-black were 2920, 2322, 1754, 1401 cps/$\mu$ci and 5.2, 4.5, 7.0, 6.3 mm FWHM. respectively. Their intrinsic energy resolutions were mesured 12.5, 23.5, 20.5, 33.3% FWHM at 140 keV Tc-99m. In this study, we investigated the offects of a side surface treatment of the scintillator on the gamma camera imaging. Simulation and measurement prescnted similat trends. Based on the results, we concluded that the surface of th NaI(Tl)seintillator must be treated by absorptive materials in order to develop the gamma camera having good spatial resolution.

기술초대석: 첨단 IT 콤플렉스 누리꿈스퀘어

김종호,Kim, Jong-Ho 한국건축구조기술사회 2011 건축구조 Vol.18 No.1

흉부총상에 대한 임상적 고찰

김종호,김용진,서경필,Kim, Jong-Ho,Kim, Yong-Jin,Seo, Gyeong-Pil 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1982 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.15 No.4

A clinical analysis of 82 cases who were sustained the penetrating gun-shot wound in the chest by 8 bullets was done during 4~ year-period from January 1978 to August 1982 in the department of thoracic surgery, CA FGH. Among 82 cases, 61 cases [74.4%] of them were brought to the Hospital by ambulance, 21 cases [25.6%] were by Helicopter and 76 cases [92.7%] of them were admitted within 4 hours after wounding. Thirty eight [46.3%] patients were treated by closed thoracotomy only, 19 cases [23.2%]by open thoracotomy, 18 cases [22.0%] by primary closure with debridement, and 7 cases [8.5%] by vascular surgery. Causes of open thoracotomy were due to massive intrapleural bleeding in 16 cases, rupture of diaphragm in 2 Gases, and heart injury in one case. Among 25 cases of surgical complications, wound infection was most common in 16 cases [53.5%] and recurrent pneumothorax in 3 cases [10%], empyema in 3 cases [10%], and BPF in one case [3.3%]. Hospital mortality was seen in 6 cases due to hypovolemic shock and respiratory insufficiency in 4 cases, spinal shock in 2 cases due to spinal injury.