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김운수 ( Woon Soo Kin ),신성일 ( Seong Il Shin ),김원주 ( Won Joo Kim ),김정아 ( Jeong Gah Kim ) 서울시정개발연구원 2009 연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.1
It is no surprise that all developed countries and many developing ones around the world are in a fiercer green race for responding climate change issues and achieving promised low-carbon societies. Each country`s bid for green leadership is just related with drawing his competitive power in the low-carbon age. In parallel, in light of the urgent need to take climate protection initiative, meet housing demand with low carbon communities, minimize threats to the environment and fulfill public`s aspiration for higher quality of life, designing cities to attain such high expectation standards should be targeted to deal successfully with all these challenges. The purpose of this study is to provide basis of Seoul city`s vision for climate protection initiative in 2030, thereby figuring out what kinds of strategies be adopted to meet pacesetting goal in such an optimized systematic way. In particular, as reborn to be a clean and charming world-leading city, Seoul city needs to act today more for better tomorrow based upon goal-oriented climate protecting guidelines. Thus the Seoul city`s vision for climate protection initiatives in 2030 can serve Seoul in implementing effective and practical greenhouse abatement actions in order to achieve its emission reduction goals by 2030, This study might be used as a ``living guideline`` to assist Seoul prepare actions and obtain the greatest benefits from climate protection activities, The findings of this study is summarized as follows.
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김운수 ( Woon Soo Kim ),최유진 ( Yu Jin Choi ),김정아 ( Jeong Ah Kim ) 서울시정개발연구원 2010 연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.2
With the growing recognition that climate change is already underway and is affecting Seoul in general, adaptation strategy is becoming an important policy issue in Seoul. Such impacts range from urban climate change for higher temperature levels and reviews of rainfall intensity management strategies, to adjustments to climate change vulnerability environmental sector. Adaptation normally refers to efforts that respond to the impacts of climate change to minimize harm or take advantage of beneficial opportunities. The contents of this research is organized as follows:Chapter Ⅱ of this research examines the diagnosis and assessment of climate vulnerability that may result from the characteristics of climate adaptation components in Seoul. hapter Ⅲ deals with policy implications of climate adaptation based from climate changes described in Chapter Ⅱ. Chapter Ⅳ draws some policy implications through comparative foreign cities` adaptation strategies. And Chapter Ⅴ suggests policy-directions of climate adaptation strategies. In order to figure out Seoul city`s ability to manage its climate risks through adaptation, two approaches are adopted:hazardous-based and vulnerability-based approach. From the hazardous-based approach, while adaptation ability is positive sign, both climate exposure and sensitivity are showing yearly increasing pattern, thereby resulting in the higher vulnerability index in Seoul(see Fig. 1). Thus to effectively address the challenges that a changing climate will bring, Seoul city needs to begin adaptation responses to climate change already set in motion to maintain productivity of the Seoul`s ecosystems and economy, and the well-being of all citizens. fortunately, if introducing adaptation base variables such as budget expenditure, local ordinance, institution, etc., the vulnerability index which is a function of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capability variables, might be slightly enhancing to some extent. In terms of applying the vulnerability-based approach with expert questionnaire survey, it implies both policy priorities and their mix of adaptation strategies in Seoul(see Table 1). Especially urban heat waves, rainfall intensity, new health disease are the compelling troubles in adaptation process. While this study focuses on climate adaptation, it is clear that managing such impending climate risks(adaptation) must be critical in preparing adaptation strategies. To ensure a coordinated effort in adapting to the unavoidable impacts of climate change, the conclusion is divided into two parts based on findings. The first part is related with Seoul`s ability to manage its climate risks through adaptation process. The well-designed strategic framework, that is essential for making highly adaptative city, includes establishment of pre-evaluating and pre-responding system, enhancement of adaptative institution (i.e., vulnerability index application, climate-friendly urban development guidelines), securing social equity and public awareness, policy implementation connected with adaptive demands, and monitoring climate change impacts, etc. The second part, related with policy recommendation on climate change adaptation, includes: 1. Building Seoul`s Climate Adaptation Master Plan is essential to assess the long-term and short-term possible risks from climate change and prepare strategies to reduce those risks building on Seoul`s Climate Adaptation Strategy. Basic infrastructure such as monitoring climate change and information delivering system is also needed. 2. Developing the vulnerability index mapping responding to Seoul`s climate change and evaluating process is necessary to make Seoul highly-adaptive city. 3. Preparing urban development guidelines matching with climate change adaptation is desirable to make Seoul climate-friendly city. Especially, application of urban heat map to urban design process can be useful tool.
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김운수 ( Woon Soo Kim ),전하나 ( Ha Na Jeon ),정남숙 ( Nam Sook Jeong ) 서울시정개발연구원 2011 연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.28
Climate change is today recognized as one of the most serious challenges to the global and local community. The IPCC has concluded that most of the observed warming in global average surface temperature that has occurred since the mid-20th century is very likely a result of human activities. Our society has also experienced climate change; warmer winters, hotter summers and incidences of more extreme weather. Average temperature in Seoul has warmed at a rate of approximately 2.4°C from 1908 to 2007 that is almost triple the global rate in the past 100 years (1906-2005). Climate change is not only bringing subtropical diseases rarely found but also increasing flooding as rainfall become more intense during the summer in Seoul. Hotter temperatures will increase public health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, and place further strains on our infrastructure. Seoul has already planned for a contribution to climate change and implemented action plans. The target of reducing Seoul`s GHG emissions by 25% of 1990 levels by 2020 and by 40% of 1990 levels by 2030, Seoul should know the strength and weakness in carrying out the plan by monitoring performance in order to successfully achieve greenhouse gas reduction goals. The aim of this study is to provide a monitoring framework for performance management meeting GHG emission reduction target and suggest policy-directions of improving an GHG target management in Seoul, The suggestions of this study are summarized as follows, 1. Seoul GHG Assessment Tool: This study suggests developing ``Seoul GHG Assessment Tool`` that all steps of reducing greenhouse gas are integrated into one system in Seoul:the steps include reporting GHG inventory, setting targets and action plans of GHG reduction, and evaluating performance of meeting the target. It is expected to enhance Seoul`s ability of managing performance, thus contribute much to meeting GHG reduction target in Seoul. 2. use of Seoul GHG Information Management System: In general, it needs to manage exceedingly mass data in order to devise strategy for reducing greenhouse gas and analysis the inventory. When it is extremely costly to produce a new system, it is able to use Seoul GHG Assessment Tool or GHG management systems established by government: NGMS (National Greenhousegas Management System) and GEIS (Greenhouse gas Emission Information System), etc. 3, establishment of monitoring system: The policy conditions and methodologies related to global warming have continuously modified, therefore we should enhance the flexibility for adapting the change in Seoul. For example, IPCC has modified and updated ``guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories`` since the first report, so Seoul should also adapt its greenhouse gas inventory according to their revision. It is natural that the revisal has an effect on national and local target for climate change. 4, annual progress reporting of GHG reduction plans: New York and London have published the annual progress reports which show their achievement and performance of climate change plans. Those play an important role as informing the progress of plans to citizen and officer. It should be pointed out that local society take part in the action plans, thus Seoul have a duty to report the action plans and performance. 5, introduction of energy management system (ISO50001): According to the implementation of GHG and energy target management that divides the greenhouse gas target into public and private sectors in Korea, some experts predict to increase the works of management greenhouse gas reduction in local government. It is able to reduce the burden of the policy implementation as applying international standard of energy management system (ISO50001). The system stresses the involvement of executive leadership, saying that top management must establish, implement and maintain an energy policy. They must identify the scope of the system, communicate its importance, ensure that appropriate targets and performance indicators are established and ensure that results are measured.
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김운수 ( Woon Soo Kim ),유기영 ( Kee Young Yoo ),김영란 ( Young Ran Kim ),최유진 ( Yu Jin Choi ),김민경 ( Min Kyeong Kim ),김정아 ( Jeong Ah Kim ) 서울시정개발연구원 2010 연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.53
In recent years, the concept of competitiveness has emerged as a new paradigm in economic development, and widely adopted in an even broader sense. Competitiveness is often said to be particularly important for a city, which typically relies on quality of life, to realize strong and weak points compared with rival cities, thereby bolstering its strengths and mitigating its weakness to drive increases in living standards. Although competitiveness itself contains both the limitations and challenges posed by the term itself, it is closely related with comparative indicators, used in the technical analysis of measurements. In this manner, indicators become the raw power and energy of a city which needs focusing and directing towards a purpose for it to reach sustainability, concerned with long term self-sufficiency, adaptability and self-regeneration. The aim of this study is to figure out Seoul`s competitiveness indicators and suggest policy-directions of improving global competitiveness index. The former is oriented to improve environmental competitiveness in order to achieve sustainability. The competitiveness is, however, relies on the decision-maker`s environmental value judgement such as low carbon society, low energy-consuming city, resource re-circulating city(zero-waste plus water re-circulating city), high adapting on impacts of urban climate change, etc. And the latter is related with policy recommendations to foster the overall Seoul`s competitiveness index based on the context of decision-maker`s environmental value judgement. The main parts of this study are divided as follows. 1. the concept of urban environmental competitiveness and its determining factors: The environmental competitiveness, regarded as a basic element of urban competitiveness, would be defined as an environmental performance representing new paradigm or creating urban values such as sustainable development, low carbon green growth, etc. This definition is connected to the capabilities of thinking and expressing decision-maker`s environmental value judgement. The upgrading conditions of environmental competitiveness are institutions and guidance, cooperation, governance, incentives, participation and civil educations, etc. The advantage of assessing environmental competitiveness would be better decision-making under budget constraints, selection of priorities in strategies, maintaining more flexible organization, thereby enhancing Seoul`s environmental performance toward global leading city. 2. diagnosis and assessment of Seoul`s environmental competitiveness: In order to derive Seoul`s power of environmental competitiveness, both SWOT analysis and questionnaire survey are applied. In case of SWOT analysis, the exemplary cases are examined: ①combined urban climate with energy and air quality, ②water circulation, and ③waste management. Based on SWOT analysis, Seoul`s potentials for upgrading environmental competitiveness seem to be favorable. Such implications are also shown under questionnaire survey. 3. case studies of foreign cities` environmental strategies: Case studies are conducted to ensure Seoul`s environmental capacities compared to other cities, known as world leading ones including New York, Paris, London, Berlin, Tokyo, etc. Some useful findings for reference are establishment of combined environmental planning, development of combined environmental management tools, governance building, equitable regulation and institution, strengthening cooperation between the public and private sector, providing diverse incentives and information, public education. These kinds of findings would be the facilitating factors for Seoul to improve environmental competitiveness, thereby determining urban competitiveness together. 4. development of Seoul city`s sets of environmental competitiveness indicators with policy directions for improving environmental competitiveness: The inherent properties of environmental competitiveness reflect comprehensive, integratable, representative, progressive, and appropriate time relationship. In other hands, environmental competitiveness is explicitly expressed by decision-maker`s environmental value judgement embodied as each form or combined forms of low carbon society, low energy-consuming city, resource re-circulating city(zero-waste plus water re-circulating city), high adapting on impacts of urban climate change, etc. In contrast with such conventional ways of handling environmental indicators as subset of the overall urban competitiveness index, environmental elements would have their own essential values for a city to focus and direct towards to sustainability. Thus, in this study, Seoul city`s environmental competitiveness indicators are classified, and developed by matching them to urban environmental value judgements. A preliminary application is conducted to figure out Seoul`s high adaptation level in urban climate change impacts(VRI; Vulnerability Resilience Indicator) using indicator variables such as climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation ability. Finally, to foster Seoul`s power of environmental competitiveness, the followings for reference are recommended: establishment of integrated environmental management system, DB statics linked to management of environmental objectives, equitable regulation and incentives, cooperation and governance, citizen participation, etc.
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