이념과 제도의 연계와 미중 인공지능 기술경쟁

김용신 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2024 중소연구 Vol.47 No.4

본 논문은 미국과 중국의 이념-제도 동학을 통해 양국이 어떤 혁신 체제를 구축해왔고, 이러한 혁신 체제가 구체적으로 인공지능(Artificial intelligence, AI) 영역에서 어떤 경쟁의 동학을 만들어내고 있는지 살펴본다. 중국의 혁신체제는 중앙과 지방 사이의 “느슨하게 연계된 체제”였으나, 시진핑 집권 이후 거국체제를 기반으로 한 국가혁신구동발전전략(IDDS)으로 변모하고 있다. 이러한 기술-안보 국가의 전환 과정에서 안보적 목적을 강조하는 중국 중앙 정부의 AI 발전 전략은 지방 정부의 상업적 목적과 충돌하며 중앙의 의도와는 다른 결과를 만들어 내기도 한다. 또한 안보화된 중앙의 AI 전략은 미국 AI 전략과 공존의 공간을 축소시킬 수밖에 없다. 미국의 국가안보국가 역시 탈냉전 이후 상당 부분 와해의 과정을 겪었으나, 중국을 새로운 지정학적 경쟁자로 지목하면서 새로운 전환기를 맞이하고 있다. 상업적인 행위자의 비중과 역할이 매우 큰 미국의 경우에도 연방정부의 AI 전략은 전반적인 기술 발전의 방향을 주도하고 있다. 국내적 제도의 차이에도 불구하고 서로를 지정학적 주적이라고 인지하기 시작한 미중 양국은 새롭게 등장하는 AI 분야에서 매우 유사한 전략과 정책을 만들어 내고 있다. 결국 양국의 인공지능 경쟁에서의 성과는 인공지능 정책 자체보다는 인공지능 기술 분야 육성에 대한 미중 양국의 지향점과 정책의 집행 과정에서 상당한 차이를 만들어 낼 수밖에 없다. 중국은 거국체제를 강화하며 AI 혁신에 박차를 가하고 있는데 이는 단기적으로는 중앙과 지방 사이의 불일치(discrepancy)를 일시적으로 축소시킬 수 있겠지만, 미국이라는 외부의 적에게 중국 역시 한층 강화된 국가안보국가가 필요함을 설명하는 근거로 작동할 수 있다. 미국 역시 국가안보국가 체제 강화를 통한 AI 발전을 도모하지만 중국에 비해 보다 민첩하게 대응하지 못할 가능성이 존재한다. This paper examines what kind of innovation system the US and China have built through the ideological-institutional linkage and what kind of competitive dynamics this innovation system creates in the AI (Artificial Intelligence) ​​field. China’s innovation system was characterized as a “loosely linked system” between the central and local governments. However, since Xi Jinping came to power, it has been transformed into a more centralized whole-nation system (举国体制) by adopting the innovation-driven development strategy (IDDS). In this transition process of a technology-security state, the Chinese central government’s AI development strategy, which emphasizes security purposes, is likely to conflict with the commercial purposes of local governments and sometimes produce results that are different from the central intention. Additionally, a securitized central AI strategy will inevitably reduce the space for coexistence with the American AI strategy. The US national security state has also undergone a significant process of disintegration since the end of the Cold War. However, it is facing a new turning point as China has risen as a new geopolitical competitor. Even in the United States, where the proportion and role of commercial actors are substantial, the federal government’s AI strategy is leading the direction of overall technological development. Despite differences in domestic systems, China and the United States, which have begun to recognize each other as major geopolitical enemies, are creating very similar strategic policies in the emerging field of AI. Ultimately, the performance in the artificial intelligence competition between the two countries will inevitably result in significant differences in the orientation and policy implementation process of the US and China for fostering the artificial intelligence technology field rather than the artificial intelligence policy itself. China is stepping up AI innovation by strengthening its whole-nation system, which could temporarily reduce the discrepancy between the central and local governments in the short term, but it could also serve as a basis for explaining the need for a stronger national security state for the US. The US is also seeking AI development by strengthening its national security state, but there is a possibility that it will not be able to move more agile than China.

정보화사회의 정치현상 변화와 사회과 정치교육의 방향

김용신 한국사회과교육연구회 1997 사회과교육 Vol.- No.30

Informatizing of society is a important factor which has been changing the method of forming human relationship and a structure of society and politics from industrial society. In information society, a person can gain useful informations in behalf of him(her)and do maximization of his(her)interests by using new-media. Individuals can extend more creativeness, capacity, and power than before without limitation. Information society which is composed of vary individuals has not massification, centralization, standardization, synchronization but demassification, decentralization, pluralization, synchronization as key concepts. As to political phenomena a socio-political group that can control other groups or individuals exists no more. In other words a hegemonic group or person isn't any more. The plural political institutions and new procedural methods of liberal democracy appear and is used in political process. Therefore the coming of information society means a change in political phenomenon as a social studies education's object. In this respects it is needed thinking about the relevancy of democratic citizenship education in social studies education. The goal, contents, and methods of political education is reviewed in view of information society.

사회과 비교연구에서 개념의 등가성 확보 방법

김용신 한국초등사회과교육학회 2005 초등사회과교육 Vol.17 No.2

Clinical Study on Skin Improvement Effect in Adult Women of Age 40 to 50 Using Cosmetics Containing Sea Cucumber Extract

김용신,문지선 한국응용과학기술학회 2019 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.36 No.1

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sea cucumber extract on skin as a natural cosmetics functional material. Subjective evaluation of cosmetics before and after were conducted with questionnaires regarding moisture content, sebum content, melanin index, and erythema index. Experiments were conducted on improvement efficacy using skin clinical trials and questionnaires to evaluate changes in perception of skin condition and efficiency of products. With the aim of minimizing skin irritation, the efficiency of the solvent used for extraction was an important factor, and the sea cucumber extract was harvested with efficient extraction conditions at a ratio of 1:10 of 50% ethanol. The study aimed to identify the suitability of sea cucumber extract as a functional cosmetics material to improve the moisturizing ability of skin and its effect on the skin by adding marine natural animal sea cucumber extract. Clinical studies on cosmetics skin containing sea cucumber extract, excellent skin improvement effect from all items of clinical experiment in experimental and control groups. Sea cucumber extract was proved to be a stable, non-adverse physiologically active substance against abnormal symptoms or side effects of skin reactions and skin problems. In addition, the study found excellent results that can lead to its use as a cosmetics material. This is expected to contribute to the development of various cosmetics industries.

재외동포 : 영화속의 전쟁과 평화 ; 〈길소뜸〉 외(外) -분단과 만남 이후

김용신 평화문제연구소 1998 통일한국 Vol.177 No.-

혈액 투석을 위한 동정맥루 : 환자 및 수술기법의 선택에 따른 조기 수술 합병증 및 실패율을 중심으로 Early failure or complications according to different criteria for patient selection and surgical prodcecures

김용신,김순일,정구용,조홍래,최진섭,김유선,박기일,주수호 대한혈관외과학회 1992 Vascular Specialist International Vol.8 No.1

Due to the shortage of donor organs, complicated medical problems, or for economic reasons, the number of end-stage renal failure(ESRF) patients requiring maintenance dialysis in Korea has been consistently increasing. Despite the rapid growth of renal transplanation(RT), less than 20% of patients have had the privilege of RT. Therefore, the importance of HD as a maintenance or bridging measure until RT should not be overlooked even in the era of chimera. To improve patient survival and quality of life, comfortably located, well functioning, potentially permanent angioaccess is mandatory. This review summarizes our 14 year experience with internal vascular access procedures, especially focusing on the importance of early failure(EF). For the successful vascular access for maintenance HD, selection of types of surgery according to the size or status of vein is important to reduce EF, which is one of the major factors influencing long-term patency. In every sense, side to end radiocephalic fistula(SERCF) at wrist level should be tried initially. But if the cephalic vein is not suitable, there is no reason to explore the wrist, because, even after successful anastomosis, venous outflow might be inadequate to prevent cannulation. In this situation, the brachio cephalic fistula(BCF) at the antecubital fossa have to be preferred as the primary choice. We could achieve more than 70% of 3- year success rates with the RCF or BCF if the vein was good. More perfect techniques and attentions are necessary to reduce early complications such as bleeding or wound problems.

사회과 현장학습의 정성평가 방법과 성립요건

김용신 한국사회과교육연구학회 2003 사회과교육 Vol.42 No.2

사회과 현장학습의 평가는 현장학습 과정에서 나타나는 학습자의 시민성 습득 과정을 있는 그대로 그려내어 ‘좋은 시민성(good citizenship)' 함양을 이한 교사의 비계설정(scaffolding)에 실제적인 도움을 줄 수 있는 방법으로 이루어져야 한다. 이런 관점에서 보았을 때, 학습과 평가 장면이 일치하지 않는 결과위주의 정량평가 방법보다는 현장학습의 총체적인 맥락에서 학습자의 사고와 행동의 변환 과정에 정교하게 개입할 수 있는 정성평가 방법이 현장학습에 어울리는 평가 기법들을 제공한다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본고는 사회과 현장학습에 적용할 수 있는 정성평가 방법으로 일화기록, 포트폴리오, 체크리스트, 자기평가, 성장파일 만들기, K-W-L Chart 등을 범주화하여 살펴보고, 이러한 정성평가 방법이 일견 지니고 있는 문제점으로 비판되고 있는 비과학적ㆍ비체계적인 '방법적 난삽함'을 해결하려는 시도로서 정성적 방법론에 기초한 성립요건들을 자연성, 합치성, 전이가능성의 측면에서 제시하였다. The assessment of social studies action learning (SSAL) can depict learners' citizenship and help teachers' scaffolding to develop good citizenship authentically. SSAL has a lot of value as to learning process. It gives actual class, deepen thinking, and creative ability to students. In this perspective, the assessment of SSAL matches with qualitative assessment more than quantitative evaluation because this bases on static aspects but that focuses on dynamic situations. The methods of qualitative assessment for SSAL are anecdotal record, portfolio, check list, self assessment, growth profile, and K-W-L Chart. These are used to measure level of learners I citizenship in whole action learning processes. A teacher can adapt one or more methods in account of action learning contexts and themes, for example anecdotal record is main assessment technique and check list is subsidiary, or portfolio and growth profile is used equally to assessment of SSAL. A important point of this study is arguments about initial conditions of qualitative assessment, naturality, fitness, and transferability. As to qualitative methodology, naturality means describing assessment data in action learning context precisely, fitness means the same between being written and real facts, and transferability means sharing assessment results among participants. Consequently these definitions about corroboration provide views to resolve methodical problems of qualitative assessment to be called triangulations.

말기 신부전증 환자의 혈액투석을 위한 내동정맥루의 개존율

김용신,강태섭,배원길 대한혈관외과학회 1997 Vascular Specialist International Vol.13 No.2

Hemodialysis that to maintain life quality and may be preliminary stage of kidney transplantation is essential in end-stage renal disease(Esrd) patients. Since 1996, Brescia-cimino are used to internal radio- cephalic fistula and this fistula method was the most popular in world-wide. And then variable methods (e.g, Autogenous, PTFE, Dacron etc.) were usually tried instead of above standard fistula. We experienced 75 fistulas in 62 cases from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1996 and among 75 fistula operations standard radio-cephalic fistula was 56, brachio-cephalic fistula 10, graft fistula 9. Early patency failure rate of A-V fistula was 9 cases, 14.5%. Significant factors to effect in patency of A-V fistula were propably diabetic mellitus, venous diameter, graft material and were not related to age/sex, blood pressure, BUN/creatinine etc. In conclusion the reduction of early patency failure rate in A-V fistula is to maintain long patency rate of A-V fistula.

장간막정맥혈전증으로 인한 소장경색 및 괴사 : 증례 보고

김용신,남상용 대한혈관외과학회 2001 Vascular Specialist International Vol.17 No.2

Acute mesenteric infarction due to mesenteric venous thrombosis was first reported by Elliot in 1895. In 1925 Warren and Eberhard characterized mesenteric venous thrombosis as an unique disease. Purpose: Mesenteric venous thrombosis is responsible for 5∼15% of causes in acute mesenteric infarction. There are idiopathic thrombosis that has no specific causative disease and secondary thrombosis due to intraabdominal infection, tumor, portal hypertension, hematologic disorders and trauma to portal venous system etc. A diagnosis is made by Duplex scan, CT, MRA and angiography. CT has a 90% sensitivity rate. Bowel wall thickening and ascites are observed in advanced state. Angiographay can be used when the diagnosis is uncertain. Mortality is reported as high as 13∼50% and major complications include short bowel syndrome, wound infection and sepsis etc. Method: We exprienced two patients (male 36 year old, male 47 year old) presented with acute abdominal pain who proved to have small bowel infarction due to mesenteric thrombosis. Result: Both patients showed signs of panperitonitis. CT examination showed portal-superior mesenteric venous thrombosis, small bowel infarction and large amout of ascites in either case. Small bowel resection and thrombectomy in one case and only small bowel resection in the other case were carried. Progressive postoperative fever and abdominal pain developed in one patient and intraabdominal absecess showed on CT examination. We performed secondary operation in the 9th postoperative date. Conclusion: The diagnosis of mesenteric venous thrombosis is difficult and small bowel resection should be performed when necrotic small bowel was encountered on exploration. Postoperative anti-coagulation therapy is reported to reduce recurrence and mortalty rate.

하지에 생긴 심부정맥 혈전증의 임상분석

김용신,손병호,윤종섭 대한혈관외과학회 1999 Vascular Specialist International Vol.15 No.2

Purpose: The natural history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been of increasing interest since the mid-1960s. Prevention, diagnosis & management of DVT has been continously development. Howerver, Early diagnosis for prevention & effectivly choice of management method of DVT has been difficult problem. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively 42 patients who were admitted and out patients department follow up to Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, for treatment of DVT from November, 1990 to August, 1998. Results: There was a wide age distribution from teenage to 9th decade, and peak age distribution was 7th decade (23.8%). It occured mote old age than younger age. Sex distribution, male to female, was about 1.2 : 1 and occured more male than female. Main chief complaint in pateints with DVT at initial our hospital visit was painful swelling (57.1%), and followed by swelling (33.3%) of lower extremity. Duration of sign and symptom in pateints with DVT at initial our hospital visit was more than I month (38.1%), and followed by Iess than 1 weeks (31.0%). The left side of lower extermities was more frequently involved than that of right side, left to right ratio was 2.1: 1. Most location of involved vein of lower extremity was Popliteal vein (71.4%), and followed by Superficial femoral vein (55.4%), Calf vein (44.6%), and Common femoral vein (39.4%) in ration of 56 limbs. More frequent risk factor of DVT was major surgery (28.6%), and followed by immobility (16.7%). but most frequent risk factor was idiopatbic (31.0%). Diagnosis of DVT was made with color doppler (90.5%) and venogram (57.1%). Treatment was done with intravenous or oral anticoagulants in most pateints (90.5%), Forgarty thrombectomy (7.1%), and Bypass and A.-V. fistula (2.4%) and followed by only or combined oral anticoagulants theraphy. Treatment of DVT was wide duration from less than 3 month to more than 1 years. It was done for less than 3 month (52.4%), and followed by 6 to 12 month (19.0%), 3 to 6 month (14.3%) and 14.3% were continued more than I years. During oral anticoagulant theraphy, GOT/GPT elevation was observed in 26.2%, and 23.8% was detected bleeding tendency (hematuria). Post-treatment response of DVT was divided three group, good (31.0%), moderated (42.9%),'no response group (26.3%) in pateint complaint of before or after treatment. Most pateint were improved in 3 month. Conclusion: We have been thick that DVT in the lower extremity must done early diagnosis and choiced more massively intensively method of treatment and with only or combined oral anticoagulant therapy after operation was prevented for reccured and serious complication.