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공정거래법상 브랜드 가치 보호의 한계에 관한 연구 - 선별적 유통시스템을 중심으로 -
김영열,이호영 한국경쟁법학회 2022 競爭法硏究 Vol.45 No.-
Selective distribution system is a system that has been developed in the EU for the purposes of protecting brand image of luxury products and/or providing high-end customer services. It can be summarized as a system by which the supplier may appoint its distributors based on certain criteria such as the hiring of professional staff members, the investments in interior/exteriors, the location and the appropriateness of the relevant shop and its name, etc., and such approved distributors may resell the relevant products only to other approved distributors and/or end-users. In this regard, there have been a number of cases in which the EU courts considered the legality of restrictions on the use of a variety of distribution channels such as big marts and online marketplaces, and in particular with respect to online marketplaces, there are some recent discussions on how a ban on the use of same shall be assessed under EU competition law. On the other hand, since the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (the “MRFTA”) has not adopted such system to date, relatively there is a lack of sufficient remedies to protect the brand image of luxury products in Korea. Against this backdrop, the Korea Fair Trade Commission (the “KFTC”) recently declared an act to preclude distributors from transacting with online marketplaces and big marts to constitute an unfair customer restriction under the MRFTA. In this regard, in reviewing the legality of such restrictions on the use of sales channels, it is worth considering the relevant EU court precedents and recent discussions regarding how such restrictions shall be assessed in terms of restricting competition. Based on the foregoing, this article is aimed at reviewing the protection of brand image and its limitation under the MRFTA.
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서울 S지역에서 발생한 영아 메트헤모글로빈혈증 1례의 원인구명을 위한 역학조사
김영열,최보율,박항배,김민영,여인학,Kim, Young-Yeul,Choi, Bo-Youl,Park, Hang-Bae,Kim, Min-Young,Yeo, In-Hak 대한예방의학회 1993 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.26 No.2
Epidemiologic investigation was conducted on January, 1993 in Seoul to identify the cause of an infant methemoglobinemia. Field investigation of the area of outbreak, survey of household and family members, analysis of ground water, and blood tests of involved family members were performed. Following results were obtained On analyzing the quality of the ground water on patient's household high levels of nitrate was found indicating contamination of water as the cause of a methemoglobinemia outbreak. On analysing the quality of the ground waters on seven other places within the neighborhood five were contaminated by nitrate in concentration that exceeded the permissible limit implying presence nearby source of contamination. Sources of contamination were thought to be originating from human waste in conventional bathroom facilities, chicken manure used in nearby orchards and plant fields or fertilizers. But the results of water analysis with presence of bacteria or E.coli, concentration of potassium, phosphate and the past history of diarrhea among family members, chicken manure suggested the most possible source of contamination. To evaluate the health status of members in the neighborhood past history was reviewed revealing no prior existence of patient with cyanosis and 65 people in the neighborhood had normal levels of methemoglobin concentration in their blood. Conclusively, the ground water on patient's household was contaminated with nitrate and despite provision of adequate water supply, family members of the patient along with their distrust in the water supply system had used ground water as their source of drinking water resulting of methemoglobinemia. Many suburban area of Seoul and country side thought to be having similar problems concerning contaminated ground water supply and dormant outbreak of patients as a result of the drinking of the contaminated water. Epidemiologic investigation and water analysis of ground waters are advised.
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金榮烈 고려대학교 의과대학 1965 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.2 No.2
Tubeless gastric analysis has been shown to be a valid procedure for determining the presence of free acid in the stomach. Two methods for detecting gastric achlorhydria, the conventional intubation and the tubeless methods, were compared in a study of 57 patients. And the rate of discrepancy between the results of the tube and tubeless tests were studied. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. Seven false-negative results were obtained among 30 patients with gastric diseases (23.3%). 2. In the groups of 15 patients with hepatic disease and of 12 patients with renal disease, discrepancies between the results of the tube and tubeless methods were found in 20 patients, 9 of whom had renal disease. 3. The tubeless gastric analysis technique appears to be valid in the presence of liver and renal disease, and also careful attention will be necessary in the gastric disease.
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비수기성 항 Histamine제와 대뇌 Muscarine 수용체와의 상호작용
김영열,이정수,박인숙 대한약학회 1999 약학회지 Vol.43 No.5
Nonsedating antihistamines do net cause sedation in therapeutic doses because these drugs hardly cross the blood-brain barrier. Since most of the peripheral side dffects of conventional antihistamines are related to their muscarinic receptor blocking action, the present study was performed to investigate whether nonsedating antihistamines interact with the muscarinic receptors and discriminate the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rat cerebral microsomal fraction which containes both $M_1,{\;}M_2,{\;}M_3{\;}and{\;}M_4$ receptors. Five nonsedating antihistamines at high concentrations inhibited [$^3H$]QNB binding to the muscarinic receptor in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition curves of these drugs except loratadine which showed positive cooperativity (nH=1.55) were steep (nH=1), indicating interaction with a single homogenous population of the binding sites. Astemizole, clemizole and mequitazine increased the $K_D$ value for [$^3H$]QNB without affecting the binding site concentrations, and this increase in the $K_D$ value resulted from the ability of these drugs to slow [$^3H$]QNB-receptor association. The Ki values of astemizole, clemizole and mequitazine for the inhibition for the inhibition of [$^3H$]QNB binding to muscarinic receptor were 0.58, 5.99 and $0.007{\;}{\mu}M$, respectively. However, loratadine and terfenadine inhibited noncompetitively [$^3H$]QNB binding with the normalized $IC_50$ value of about $2{\;}{\mu}M$. These results demonstrate that; 1) astemizole, clemizole and mequitazine interact directly with the muscarinic receptor at high concentrations; 2) muscarinic receptor blocking potency of these drugs varies widely among drugs; 3) these drugs do not discriminate between muscarinic receptor subtypes.
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