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A Case of Bilateral Sudden Hearing Loss and Tinnitus after Salicylate Intoxication
김상민,조준만,백무진,정규환 대한청각학회 2013 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.17 No.1
Salicylate, the active ingredient of aspirin can cause sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus when plasma concentrations reach a critical level. The ototoxic mechanisms of salicylate remain unclear but hearing and tinnitus usually recovers a few days after intoxication. There have been few reports of salicylate-induced ototoxicity in Korea, and the majority is caused by a low dose of aspirin. Herein, we report a case of sudden hearing loss and tinnitus after acute salicylate intoxication and review recent updates on salicylate ototoxicity.
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연하도 철기문화의 성립과 전개과정–주조철부를 중심으로–
김상민 한국상고사학회 2014 한국상고사학보 Vol.84 No.-
동북아시아 철기문화의 성립과 전개과정은 중국 전국시대 연나라 철기문화의 유입으로 이해할 수 있다. 그러나 연나라 철기문화에 대한 고고학적 검토는 이루어지지 않은 채 문헌기록에 의존한 논의가 다수를 이루고있다. 본고는 연나라의 중심지 중의 하나인 연하도의 철기자료를 고고학적 방법으로 검토하여 그 변천단계와 전개과정을 확인하고자 하였다. 본고의 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 연나라 철기문화의 변천단계는 3기로 구분되는데, 전국시대 중기인 기원전 4세기대부터 본격적으로 성립되기 시작하여 후기인 기원전 3세기대에 최성기에 이른다. 최초의 철기류는 분묘의 부장품으로 출토되며,철제 농공구(철부류)는 청동제 무기류와 함께 부장된다. 특히 주조품의 출토가 두드러져 거의 대부분 기종이 주조품이다. 따라서 연나라 철기문화의 개시는 주조품이 중심이 되는 것으로 판단된다. 더불어 철기는 대규모분묘에서 출토되는 점과 생산도구가 부장되는 점을 통해 그 생산과 소유가 특정 계층에 한정되고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 전국시대 후기에 해당하는 기원전 3세기대가 되면, 분묘에 부장되는 무기류의 철기화가 이루어진다. 또한, 취락 내에서도 다양한 형태의 철제 농공구와 관련 유구가 확인되는 경향을 보인다. 취락 내 단야구 세트가 출토되는 현상은 주조품 뿐만 아니라 단조품의 생산도 이루어졌다는 것을 알려준다. 이 시기는 철기의 생산 기술이 발전하고 도구로서 철기의 보편화가 이루어지는 연나라 철기문화의 성행기인 것이다. 이후 연나라의 멸망과 함께 기존의 철기문화가 지속적으로 발전되었다고 보기 어렵다. 주조품은 감소하고 단조품이 다수이며, 분묘 내 철기의 부장은 한두 점으로 한정된다. 그 원인은 한나라의 성립 이후 철기생산의제한과 철관의 설치와 같은 제도적인 규제가 강해지는 것과 관련있을 것으로 생각된다. 이처럼 연하도를 중심으로 연나라 철기문화를 살펴본 결과, 주조철부를 대상으로 한 철기의 변천양상에서 가장 중요한 획기는 기원전 3세기대라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 기원전 3세기대가 연나라의 영역확장이 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 시기였다는 것을 고려하면, 이 시기는 동북아시아 제 지역에 철기가 유입되는 시기와 밀접한 관련이 있을 것이다. The establishment and development of Iron Culture in Northeast Asia is understood as the introduction of the iron culture of the Yan State during Warring States Period. However, only the time of its introduction has been discussed only with literature without any archeological review of the iron culture of the Yan State. This study has archeologically analyzed the data of Yanxiadu (the Lower Capital of the Yan State) which was one of the centers of the Yan State to confirm the changing stages and developing processes. First, the iron culture of the Yan State can be categorized into three periods. It started to develop from the 4thcentury BC which was the middle of Warring States Period to reach its hey day late in the period of the 3rdcentury BC. The first iron artifacts have been found as burial accessories from tomb salong with some bronze weapons, most of which are iron agricultural and industrial tools(ex:iron ax). In particular, a lot of cast iron artifacts are excavated. Like this, the start of iron culture in the Yan State was mostly with cast iron artifacts. In addition, the aspects of excavation from big-sized tomb sand burial of iron production tools suggest that the production an downer ship of iron artifacts must have been limited to special classes. In the 3ed century BC which was the latter part of Warring States Period, the weapons started to be made of iron for the purpose of tomb burial. Also inside their settlement areas a variety of iron agricultural and industrial tools have been found. The excavation of sets of smith’s tools enables us to assume that there was the production of cast iron items as well as forged ones, which is different from the previous period. The production of both took place in the heyday of iron culture in the Yan State when the production of iron had developed in full scale to be generalized. Later, with the fall of the state, any continuous growth of the existing iron culture was not possible. The cast iron items decreased while forged ones became overwhelmingly in the majority. And only one or two iron artifacts were buried in tombs, which means that the state’s iron culture around Yanxiadu didn’t keep growing, whose reason must have been that the systematic regulations such as limitation of iron-artifact production and establishment of Iron Offices got reinforced after the foundation of Han Kingdom. The above analysis suggests that the most significant epoch in the changing aspects of iron culture was the 3rdcentury BC. If this period is considered to be the time when the territory expansion of the Yan State began in full scale, it must be closely related to the time for iron artifacts to be introduced into the entire area of North east Asia.
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산화 망간을 사용한 유사펜톤반응에 의한 염소계화합물의 분해
김상민,공성호 한국공업화학회 2002 응용화학 Vol.6 No.1
According to recent investigations regarding Fenton-like reaction, it was reported that there was a key factor to decompose organic materials by not only the hydoroxyl radical but also several reductants which were superoxide anion and hydroperoxide anion. This research was focused on an investigation of the decomposition of 1-hexanol and carbon tetrachloride(CT) by reductants which were generated by manganese oxide with hydrogen peroxide. Generally, CT decomposition rate increased with raising pH values. Especially, CT was decomposed over 60 percent by 10,000 ppm of hydrogen peroxide within 10 minutes in neutral condition. In addition, the decomposition of chlorinated compounds would be accelerated in alkaline condition, even with low concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
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Hardware 유역의 수문매개변수 보정을 위한 SWAT-CUP 프로그램의 적용성 평가
김상민,Sang Min, Kim 한국농공학회 2017 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.59 No.3
The purpose of this study was to calibrate the hydrologic parameters of SWAT model and analyze the daily runoff for the study watershed using SWAT-CUP. The Hardware watershed is located in Virginia, USA. The watershed area is $356.15km^2$, and the land use accounts for 73.4 % of forest and 23.2 % of pasture. Input data for the SWAT model were obtained from the digital elevation map, landuse map, soil map and others. Water flow data from 1990 to 1994 was used for calibration and from 1997 to 2005 was for validation. The SUFI-2 module of the SWAT-CUP program was used to calibrate the hydrologic parameters. The parameters were calibrated for the highly sensitive parameters presented in previous studies. The P-factor, R-factor, $R^2$, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), and average flow were used for the goodness-of-fit measures. The applicability of the model was evaluated by sequentially increasing the number of applied parameters from 4 to 11. In this study, 10-parameter set was accepted for calibration in consideration of goodness-of-fit measures. For the calibration period, P-factor was 0.85, R-factor was 1.76, $R^2$ was 0.51 and NS was 0.49. The model was validated using the adjusted ranges of selected parameters. For the validation period, P-factor was 0.78, R-factor was 1.60, $R^2$ was 0.60 and NS was 0.57.
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