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알루미나에 YSZ가 나노코팅된 층상형 시스템의 인덴테이션 특성평가
김상겸,김태우,김철,신태호,한인섭,우상국,이기성,Kim, Sang-Kyum,Kim, Tae-Woo,Kim, Chul,Shin, Tae-Ho,Han, In-Sub,Woo, Sang-Kuk,Lee, Kee-Sung 한국세라믹학회 2005 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.42 No.1
전자 범 물리적 증착법(Electron Beam Physical Vaper Deposition, EB-PVD)으로 알루미나 상용기판 위에 나노 크기의 YSZ입자를 포함하고 있는 층을 코팅하여 층상형 시스템을 제조하였으며, 이때 기판층의 온도를 600, 700, $800^{circ}C$로 변화시켜 증착되는 YSZ층이 서로 다른 미세구조가 형성되도록 제어하여, 코팅층 미세구조의 변화에 따른 인덴데이션 거동을 고찰하였다 인덴테이션 거동으로는 비커스 인덴테이션과 헤르찌안 인덴테이션으로 피라미드형 압자 혹은 초경 구를 압입하였으며 압입 하중 및 코링층 구조에 따른 경도와 인덴테이션 응력-변형률 곡선을 구하였고, 미세구조와 하중의 증가에 따른 손상 및 파괴거동을 고찰하였다. 기판층의 온도가 향상됨에 따라 증착된 입자의 크기가 보다 증가하고 각진 입자가 형성됨을 알 수 있었고, 서로 다른 미세구조가 인덴테이션 거동에 영향을 주어, $800^{circ}C$에서 증착된 YSZ/A12달 구조가 상대적으로 우수한 특성을 나타내었다. YSZ layer containing nano-sized particles has been deposited on the commercial A1203 substrate by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD). The role of coating rnjcrostructures of YSZ to indentation damage is studied. The different coating microsouctures are prepared by varying the substrate temperatures from $600^{circ}C$ to $800^{circ}C$ during the deposition. Microhardness test and Hertzian indentation are conducted on the $YSZ/Al_{2}O_{3}$ layered systems. The damage and flilure behaviors have been investigated according to the effect of microstructures and indentation loads. With increasing the substrate temperature during EB-PVD, the overall grain sizes are coarser and more faceted, which microsoucture ultimately influences on the indentation behavior, thus, YSZ/Al_{2}O_{3}$ layered system prepared at the substrate temperature of $800^{circ}C$ shows relatively higher damage tolerance.
인슐린 매개성 Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase의 발현증가에서 Akt의 역할
김상겸,김봉희,오정민,윤강욱,김충현,강건욱,Kim, Sang-Kyum,Kim, Bong-Hee,Oh, Jung-Min,Yun, Kang-Uk,Kim, Chung-Hyeon,Kang, Keon-Wook 대한약학회 2007 약학회지 Vol.51 No.5
The present study examines the effect of dominant-negative Akt on the insulin-mediated microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) induction in rat hepatocytes. We also assessed the role of insulin in the expression of soluble epoxide hydrrolase (sEH). Insulin increased mEH levels and the enzyme activities, whereas sEH protein expression was unaffected by insulin. The specific PI3K inhibitors or p70 S6 kinase inhibitor ameliorated the insulin-mediated increase in mEH protein levels. Infection with adenovirus expressing dominant-negative and kinase-dead mutant of Akt1 effectively inhibited the insulin-mediated increase in mEH expression and mEH activity. These results suggest that mEH and sEH are differentially regulated by insulin and PI3K/Akt/p70S6K are active in the insulin-mediated regulation of mEH expression.
치밀층으로 코팅된 다공성 엔지니어링 세라믹스에서의 접촉응력에 의한 균열 거동
김상겸,김태우,김도경,이기성,Kim, Sang-Kyum,Kim, Tae-Woo,Kim, Do-Kyung,Lee, Kee-Sung 한국세라믹학회 2005 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.42 No.8
The engineering ceramic needs the properties of high strength, hardness, corrosion-resistance and heat-resistance in order to withstand thermal shock or applied nonuniform stresses without failure. The densely coated porous ceramics can be used for machine component, electromagnetic component, bio-system component and energy-system component by their high-performances from superior coating properties and light-weight characteristics due to the structure including pore by itself. In this study we controlled the porosity of silica and alumina, $8.2\~25.4\%$ and $23.4\~36.0\%$, respectively, by the control of sintering temperature and starting powder size. We made bilayer structures, consisting of a transparent glass coating layer bonded to a thick substrate of different porous ceramics by a thin layer of epoxy adhesive, facilitated observations of crack initiation and propagation. The elastic modulus mismatch could be controlled using different porous ceramics as the substrate layer. Then we applied 150 N force using WC sphere with a radius of 3.18 mm by Hertzian indentation. As a result, the crack initiation in the coating layer was delayed at lower porosity in the substrate layer, and the damage in the coating layer was relatively smaller at the bilayer structure coated on higher elastic substrate.
마우스 간의 황함유 아미노산 대사에 미치는 베타인의 용량의존성 영향
김상겸,Kim, Sang-Kyum 대한약학회 2009 약학회지 Vol.53 No.2
Acute betaine treatment induces time-dependent changes in the hepatic glutathione (GSH), cysteine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels. Our previous study demonstrated that betaine administered $1{\sim}4$ hours prior to sacrifice decreased hepatic GSH levels, but these levels were increased when measured 24 hours following the treatment. The present study was aimed to determine dose-dependent effects of betaine on hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in mice. Mice were sacrificed 2.5 or 24 hours after intraperitoneal treatment with betaine at different dose levels ranging from 50 to 1000 mg/kg. The concentrations of methionine and SAM were increased by a betaine dose of 100 mg/kg, and the concentrations of GSH and cysteine were decreased by a betaine dose of 200 mg/kg at 2.5 hours. These changes were augmented with increasing doses of betaine. At 24 hours following betaine treatment, increased GSH and decreased taurine levels were observed from dose levels of 400 mg/kg. Changes in hepatic activities of cystathionine beta-synthase, gammaglutamylcysteine ligase and cysteine dioxygenase were observed from dose levels of $200{\sim}400$ mg/kg of betaine administered 24 hours prior to sacrifice.
김상겸,Kim, Sang-Kyum 대한약학회 2009 약학회지 Vol.53 No.2
Food deprivation decreases hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, which is ascribed to alterations in availability of hepatic cysteine, a rate limiting factor for the GSH synthesis. The present study examines the effects of food deprivation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in male rats. In rats fasted for 24 or 48 hours, hepatic GSH levels were decreased from $6.70{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/g$ liver to $4.02{\pm}0.20$ or $4.06{\pm}0.07{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine levels were also decreased in fasted rats, but S-adenosylhomocysteine levels were increased. Hepatic methionine levels were not changed by food deprivation for 48 hours. On the other hand, hepatic cysteine or taurine levels were increased from $106.2{\pm}4.1$ to $130.0{\pm}2.7$ nmol/g liver or from $2.45{\pm}0.43$ to $5.07{\pm}0.78{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively, in 48-hour fasted rats. Activity of cystathionine beta-synthase catalyzed homocysteine to cystathionine, was markedly decreased, but activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was increased in fasted rats, indicating that methylation of homocysteine to methionine is activated. Also activity of cysteine dioxygenase, involved in taurine synthesis, was increased. These results suggested that hepatic methionine levels were maintained in rats fasted for 48 hours through increase in homocysteine methylation, and hepatic GSH may serve as a cysteine supplier reservoir in fasting state.
김상겸(Kim Sang-Kyum) 한국헌법학회 2006 憲法學硏究 Vol.12 No.3
최근 우리 사회는 과거 반인도적·반인권적 국가범죄에 대한 법적 책임문제를 다시 논하기 시작하였다. 반인도적 범죄는 인간성을 파괴하는 끔직한 범죄라는 점에서, 그리고 강력한 권력을 소유한 국가에 의하여 자행된다는 점에서 그 심각성이 있다. 또한 범죄 당시 권력을 잡고 있는 자에 대하여 법적 제재를 가하기 어렵기 때문에 처벌하기 어렵다. 더구나 현행 실정법 체제에서 어떤 범죄행위든 그 처벌의 실효성을 위하여 공소시효를 정하고 있기 때문에 대부분의 범죄는 형사소송법의 규정을 통하여 빠져 나가게 되어 법적 책임을 지지 않게 된다.<BR> 현실에서 나타나는 이런 문제를 해결하기 위하여 국회는 형사소송법 개정과 특별법 제정을 추진하고 있다. 그렇지만 공소시효배제의 대상이 되는 범죄와 그에 대한 헌법적 문제 등은 아직 완전히 정리되지 못하고 있다. 즉 반인도적 국가범죄의 개념정의와 이를 통한 범죄의 범위와 종류 즉 대상을 어떻게 정할 것인지 여부, 형소법상의 공소시효를 배제하기 위하여 소급입법을 하는 경우 헌법상 소급입법을 금지하는 원칙과의 충돌을 어떻게 해결할 것이지 문제가 있다.<BR> 법은 사회가 필요로 하는 경우 요구되는 수단이며 방법이다. 법에서 시효제도가 존재하는 이유는 영속한 사실상태를 보호하고 그에 의거한 법률관계를 안정시키고자 하는데 있다. 공소시효는 시효제도의 하나로써 범죄행위가 종료한 후 공소가 제기되지 않고 일정한 기간이 경과하여 국가의 소추권이 소멸하는 제도이다. 국가공권력에 의하여 자행된 살인·고문과 같은 심각하고 중대한 인권침해범죄와 국제법상 인정된 반인도적 범죄에 대해서는 형사소송법의 개정이나 특별법을 제정하여 문제를 풀어나가야 한다. Our society has recently begun discussing the legal responsibility for the governmental crime of the past regarding human rights. Crimes against humanity are very serious in that they destruct humanity and are also committed by the government, which owns a magnificent power. It is also difficult to take any measures against the authority related to the crime. Moreover, since public prescriptions are stated in the present law and applied to any crime in order to guarantee the validity of punishment, most of the criminals evade legal responsibility by exploiting loopholes in the Criminal Procedure Act.<BR> To resolve this problem, the National Assembly is on process of the amendment of the Criminal Procedure Act and of the enactment of the Special Act. However, it is not yet completely defined and organized, the subject crime of the limitation of public prescription and some constitutional problems regarding it. There are still things to be discussed which are, for example, what the concept and types of the governmental crimes against humanity are and how the conflict between principle of retrospective legislation prohibition and limitation of public prescription should be settled.<BR> Law is a means and method being in demand by social needs. Public prescription exists for the protection of perpetual fact and for the stabilization of legal relations based on the fact. Public Prescription is one of the prescription systems by which the governmental prosecution right of the crime is extinguished after a certain period of time. However, it is in more accord with the constitutional order to amend the Criminal Procedure Act or enact the Special Act, thus protecting people from crimes against humanity like murder·torture committed by the governmental power.
김상겸(Sang-Kyum Kim) 한국헌법학회 2004 憲法學硏究 Vol.10 No.4
National Security Law has long been at the heart of heated debates in our society. Whether to scrap or retain the National Security Law has had a different meaning and context according to the changes of society. To have a meaning of existence that acts as a means of social order, law must absorb social agreement. At this moment, we need to discuss the matter of National Security Law, reflecting our times of enlarged trades, currents between the South and the North, and so on. Were there a problem in the current National Security Law, revision is needed. The law was abused by government authority and had much of a potency to invade human rights. This was officially confirmed by the Constitutional Court. But on the other hand, it played a positive role of protecting us from the dangers of communist infiltration. And it is hard to say that the judicature will apply the law in random as in the past, through subjective comprehension. It is also doubtful of denying the law itself for the sake of preventing improper usage. As the debate over whether to scrap or retain National Security Law has started, we must scrutinize all provisions of National Security Law. But we must remember haste makes waste. We should take enough time. The law's opponents say that it is a law of human rights in invasion, which has only divided the country over half a century. But is this the only aspect in fact. It is obvious that the main target of the law is North Korea. No one denies that North Korea is the half of our face, a partner of our way to reunification. And because of this, we must have prudence in determining the law's fate. There are also a great number of people who agrees to the entity of National Security Law. Although law is enacted in the legislative body, its virtual roots are people who have the rights. And as a democratic citizen in d democratic country, we should have more interest to our people. Troops of the South and the North at the truce line are still against each other. The contradiction of standing opposite to each other and trying to open a new era of peace at the samen time is the reality of korean peninsula. It is obvious we should strive for active currents in economy and cultures for our future's sake. But we should be always prepared for unexpected danger as well, and this must be continued till the arrival of peace and unification in korean peninsula. Virtual human rights guarantee by the government can be retained only when the gut focuses on keeping safety and life of people. We may lose everything if we fail to recognize the other side of a coin. When the iron fence is removed and when peace greets us instead, and when everyone trusts this peace, then we will no longer need the National Security Law.
김상겸(Kim Sang-Kyum) 한국비교공법학회 2005 공법학연구 Vol.6 No.1
The Constitutional Court has started its action since 1988 according to the Constitution of 1987. And meanwhile, it has strived apparently much for the efficient function of national structures. As a result, it scores a success which is hard to find in Asia. In that the constitution is being granted a 'life' to its statue by the constitutional court's activity, it also contributes to the development of the Constitution. But the hasty construction of Consitutional Court, lacking enough debates in the process of its construction, has caused many problems. Therefore, people tried to resolve the problem through amendment. But in spite of these efforts, crucial procedural problems still remain unsolved. This can be attributed to the lack of will of the Court to improve it, and indifference or ignorance of the Legislature. Of course, these problems cannot be solved by mere amendment. Instead, a wrong amendment will cause its counter effect, and ultimately, it will betray the trust of people towards law. As mentioned above, it appears a little early to make a judgement of the court's success. But anyone can say that the Constitutional Court has contributed to the improvement of constitution, and further, obviously enlightened people's awareness toward the constitution. The present problem that our Constitutional Court has is that national bodies of structure do not obey to the court's decision although its criterion is constitution. This yields a certain result, considering our experience. This kind of constitutional reality is an obstacle to a normal function of constitution, and therefore does not fit the original intention of the system. Constitutional Jurisdiction is not an almighty device. It only makes judgement according to the rules based on constitution and statute. The Constitutional Court is an authorized institution whose power and criterion derives from the constitution. It is a judicial organ which must never put things in a political way. But the reality shows that the Constitutional Court is not merely a judicial organ. As a matter of fact, there barely exists a national organ which does not show political tendency. The political tendency of the Constitutional Court does not have its origin in the trait as a political organ, but in the political tendency of the construction itself, which works as a criterion of constitutional jurisdiction. If ore of the function of the Constitutional Court were to pursue political peace of the nation, we can have tolerable attitude towards the matter. And if there are problems with the trial, amendment through proper procedures must be done. It is hardly imaginable to discuss the maintenance or abolition of Constitutional Jurisdiction, merely due to the inconsistency between its decision and one's personal will. We cannot judge the 15-year-success or blunder by one-sides vision. As mentioned, improvements of an inconsistent system to constitutional orders should be sustained continually. It is desirable not to view the decision of the court through a political lens. And it is also desirable to take measures as soon as possible for the activation of Constitutional Jurisdiction, and for a real Constitutional State.
김상겸(Sang Kyum Kim) 한국재정학회 2016 한국재정학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.-
본 연구는 세대 간 분석이 필요한 장기사업을 중심으로 도입의 필요성이 논의되고 있는 대안적 방식의 사회적할인율 적용방안에 대한 연구이다. 환경 및 복지사업을 중심으로 한 사업들은 그 특성상, 세대 간 분석이 필요하지만 전통적인 지수함수 방식의 사회적할인율의 적용은 장기분석의 성격에 부합하지 않는다는 비판이 지속되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 환경 및 복지범주의 에비타당성조사의 분석결과를 활용하여, 대안 적으로 모색되고 있는 쌍곡선방식의 사회적할인율 적용한 경제적 타당성 분석을 시도해 보았다. 또한 기존의 지수방식 사회적할인율을 적용한 분석결과와 비교해 봄으로써, 쌍곡선방식의 사회적할인율 적용가능성도 검토해 보았다. 본 연구의 분석결과에 따르면 쌍곡선방식의 사회적할인율 적용은 지수방식을 적용한 경우에 비해, 사업의 경제적 타당성을 제고시킬 수 있지만 최소한 100년 이상의 분석기간 확대와 병행되어야 한 것으로 나타났다. This paper try to analyzes the effect of applying alternative way of social discount rate, which employs hyperbolic functional form, on the usual benefit-cost analysis for public investment project in Korea. In order to enhance the generality of the analysis, this study uses real benefit and cost data from actual preliminary studies in the categories of environmental and welfare projects. The results of this study show that employing hyperbolic discounting will achieve higher B/C ratio, but should be combined with meaningful analytic period extension.
정보국가에 있어서 개인정보보호에 관한 연구 -공공부문을 중심으로 독일의 법제와 비교하여-
김상겸 ( Sang Kyum Kim ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ) 국제헌법학회, 한국학회 2008 世界憲法硏究 Vol.14 No.3
우리는 정보사회라는 시대에 살며 다양한 삶의 편리를 누리고 있지만, 최근 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 개인정보 대량 유출 사태 등에서 보는 것처럼 위험한 상황에 또한 노출되어 있다. 과학기술의 발달로 인한 정보혁명은 우리에게 유비쿼터스의 시대에 새로운 삶의 방식을 가져다주고 있다. 그러나 삶의 질을 향상하는 정보사회에서 우리도 모르게 자신에 대한 모든 개인정보들이 유출되어 프라이버시가 침해되는 심각한 상황에 빠지고 있다. 정보가 곧 권력이라는 명제가 나올 만큼 정보사회의 등장과 함께 중시되는 것은 정보의 양과 질이다. 정보의 오용과 남용으로 말미암하 개인과 개인, 국가와 개인 간의 갈등과 대립이 첨예하게 나타나고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 정보사회를 기반으로 하는 현대 정보국가에 있어서 가장 중요한 문제는 개인정보보호이다. 현재 우리나라는 독일과 달리 통합적인 개인정보보호법이 없다. 정보사회의 급격한 진전과 공공부문 및 경제활동에 있어 개인정보가 차지하는 비중이 더욱 커진 상황을 고려할 때 공공부문과 민간부문을 통합하여 규율하는 개인정보보호법의 제정은 중요한 의미가 있다. 행정안전부는 늦은 감이 없지 않으나 9월 국회에 개인정보보호법안을 제출한다는 계획을 밝혔다. 또한 독일은 특성에 맞는 통합적이고 독립적인 개인정보보호기구를 설치·운영하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라는 독립적인 개인정보보호 감독기구의 신설 내용이 빠진 채 개인정보보호법안 계획을 밝혀 개인정보보호를 위한 구체적이고 확실한 의지를 갖고 있는지 의문이 든다. 따라서 더 늦기 전에 전문가로 이루어진 독립적 성격을 가진 기구 등을 포함하는 개인정보보보호법을 제정하도록 노력해야 할 것이다. In the information era, people enjoy technological convenience in everyday life. However, as seen from the recent private information leakage of an internet shopping mall, this convenience acts as a threat at the same time. Information revolution based on scientific development leads people to a new way of living, which is called `ubiquitous`. However, on the other side of this ubiquitous information era, serious privacy invasion is taking place, including private information leakage. With the advent of the information era, more and more emphasis is put on the quality and quantity of information. Information is power. The misuse and abuse of this power have caused between individuals, state and so on. Conflict and friction, the role of a modernized information state based on an information-oriented society is strongly needed for private information protection. In this aspect, Germany sets a good example for Korea. Currently, Korea does not have a law on private information protection. Considering the a rowing importance of private information used in the society, public sectors, and economic activities, enactment of a private information protecting law to integrate and regulate public sectors and civil sectors has an important meaning. Although it might seen tardy for a new legal enactment, MOPAS clarified its plan to submit a bill on private information protection to the National Assembly in September. Futhermore, Germany has established and managed an integrated and independent private information protection organization suitable for its characteristics. However, Korea is missing important factors which should be included in the bill. One of which is a monitoring system, which can guarantee the transparency of private information protection. Before it is too late, a great effort is needed to enact the private information protection law, including an independent organization composed of specialist and related experts.