국적법 제도 속에 나타난 '독일국민'의 법적 개념 변화

권형진 한국독일사학회 2017 독일연구 Vol.- No.35

Since the birth of the German Empire, a modern nation-state in 1871, Germans have had to experience many changes in the nationality laws that determine their national identity. After the defeat of the First World War German people, who were a subject of the empire, became sovereigns in the Weimar republic. Through the experience of the dictatorship of the Nazi regime and another defeat (of the Second World War), and a process of division and reunification over 40 years, Germany, and the German people had to experience tremendous changes, both arbitrarily and exclusively. The identity of the Germans has, of course, been constantly forced to change in the times. The qualifications of the people based on the concept of the nation-state, which was dominant in the era of the nationalism, must change according to the changes of the times. Therefore, it is historically very important to trace changes in nationality laws that institutionalize various needs of each age. It is the purpose of this paper to study how the German nationality law changed after the birth of the German empire in 1871, and what differentiating characteristics of the nationality system created by each age. This will enable us to systematically explain and understand changes in the concept of people in the german history. At the time of unification to the German empire, each independent federal state with its individual nationality left a deep trail in the German nationality law history. The Law on the Acquisition and Loss of Confederative and State Citizenship of 1870 was the first unified nationality law applied to the federal states in the German region. After the birth of the German Empire in 1871, this law was extended to the newly included states of the southern Germany region, naturally expanding the scope of its legal effect and functioning as the official nationality law of the German empire. In 1913, however, the law of nationality of the German empire was officially made by Nationality Law of the German Empire and States. This law was based on the idea of ​​‘territorialist Jus sanguini’' in the age of imperialism. The Zeit Geist of imperialism, which was emphasized in the Law of 1913, was transformed into a pure-blooded, centralized nationalist character of nationality law system at the Nazi time after the Weimar period. However, the racist nationality law of the Nazi regime did not last very long. In the era of the Cold War, the divided reality of Germany forced the two nations and the people, and so time passed and Germany became reunified. 1871년 근대적인 국민국가인 독일제국의 탄생 이후 독일인들은 자신의 국가적 정체성을 결정짓는 국적법 상 많은 변화를 경험해야 했다. 제국의 신민에서 1차 대전의 패전으로 국민이 주권자가 된 바이마르 공화국을 거쳐 나치정권의 독재경험을 거쳐 또 한 번의 패전, 그리고 40여 년의 분단과 재통일의 과정을 거치며 채 150년이 안된 국민국가 독일은, 그리고 독일국민은 자의적으로든 타의적으로든 엄청난 변화를 경험해야 했다. 독일인이라는 정체성은 당연히 끊임없이 시대적 환경에 변화를 강요당했고 현재도 그렇다. 국민국가가 탄생하던 시대에 지배적이었던 민족개념을 기반으로 한 국민의 자격요건은 시대의 변화에 따라 바뀌어야 한다. 이러한 다양한 시대적 요구를 제도적으로 담아내고 있는 국적법의 변화를 추적하는 것은 역사적으로 매우 중요하다. 1871년 독일제국의 탄생 이후 독일의 국적법이 어떻게 변화했는지, 각각의 시대가 만들어낸 국적법 체계의 차별적인 특징은 무엇인지를 추적하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 이를 통해 독일사에서 국민개념의 변화를 제도적으로 설명하고 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 독일제국으로의 통일 당시 각각의 독립적인 연방국가들이 개별적으로 국적을 가지고 있던 최초의 모습은 이후 독일의 국적법 제도에 깊은 궤적을 남겼다. 1870년의 ‘연방 및 연방국가 국적의 획득과 상실에 관한 법(연방국적법)’은 독일 지역 내의 연방국가들에 대해 적용된 최초의 통일된 국적법이었다. 이 연방국적법은 1871년 독일제국의 탄생과 함께 새롭게 포함된 남부독일지역의 국가들에 대해 확대 적용되면서 그 법적 효력의 영역을 자연스럽게 확장시키며, 독일제국의 공식적인 국적법으로 작동했다. 그러나 1913년 ‘제국 및 연방국가 국적법(제국국적법)’으로 독일제국의 국적법이 공식적으로 만들어진다. 이 제국국적법은 동시대를 지배하고 있던 제국주의에 기초한 ‘영토주의적 혈통주의’라는 사상 위에 만들어진 것이었다. 제국국적법에서 강조되었던 제국주의 시대정신은 1차 대전의 패전으로 그 흔적만을 간직한 채 바이마르 시기를 넘기고 나치의 집권으로 순혈주의적 중앙집권적인 국적법체계로 바뀌었다. 그러나 나치의 인종주의적인 국적법도 그리 오래 가지 못했다. 냉전 시기를 거치며 분단현실은 어쩔 수 없이 두 개의 국가와 국민을 강제했고, 그렇게 또 시간이 흘러 통일을 맞았다. 그렇다고 통일이 된 1990년에도 새로운 통일국가의 국적법을 만들 수 없었다. 지난 과거의 흔적들을 추스르고서야 새로운 국적법 체계를 만들어 낼 수 있었다.

기계를 위한 비디오 부호화 표준화 동향

권형진,정세윤,최진수,이태진,서정일,Kwon, H.J.,Cheong, S.Y.,Choi, J.S.,Lee, T.J.,Seo, J.I. 한국전자통신연구원 2020 전자통신동향분석 Vol.35 No.5

An increase in high-quality video service continually leads to the standardization of high-performance video codecs such as the versatile video coding standard. Although such codecs have improved coding efficiency in terms of high fidelity, a tremendous increase in the amount of video data is required for more efficient compression, especially for efficiently recognizing and analyzing the target within the millions of objects/events captured every day, such as those by surveillance systems. Therefore, newly established MPEG standardization efforts have studied the new generation of video compression standards for machine vision-oriented video. This paper presents the standardization trends in video coding for machines and discusses further directions for improvement.

특집-전쟁과 동원이데올로기-나치독일의 국민동원

권형진 역사비평사 2003 역사비평 Vol.- No.62

나치 독일의 도시건설 프로젝트 —베를린·뮌헨·뉘른베르크를 중심으로—

권형진 한국독일사학회 2011 독일연구 Vol.- No.21

This paper deals with Nazi project of the reshaping of big cities, Berlin,Munich and Nuremberg. Hitler had complained about german cities. According to Hitler, german cities were unsystematic and did not have any feature. Hitler want to reshaping of german big cities, for example, Berlin,Munich, and Nuremberg. But it was not until 1937, that Speer as ‘Inspector General of Construction(GBI)’ was officially put in charge of plans for the reshaping of Berlin. Before the Nazi regime performed this project for reshaping of cities,Hitler created in Munich a new center for the NSDAP itself. In the city plans to reshaping was Hitler's interest and love in architecture a crucial element. He thought of architecture as art, and although he worked closely with the architects to whom he gave commissions, he allowed the chosen few a remarkable freedom. After Hitler, the new German cities should be ‘monumental’ and ‘heroic.’ Symbolism, graphic art, and hortatory inscriptions were important characters of Nazi architecture. Hitler wanted to be a great master, who shall immortalize Nazi ideals in stone. Despite the great number of books and political comments on architecture in the Nazi time and there was no typical ‘Nazi’ style. The era of the Third Reich witnessed the building and planning of large government structures,huge stadiums, great open squares, monuments, military buildings and etc. Particularly the plans for reshaping of big cities such as Berlin(Germania),Munich, and Nuremberg were unique but actually these plans remained in a ‘broken’ dream or a “Spielerei mit Bauklötchen” of Hitler.

분단과 독일인의 국민자격 변화의 역사적 고찰 - 전후 재통일까지의 동·서독 국적법을 중심으로 -

권형진 한국독일사학회 2014 독일연구 Vol.- No.27

This article traces the historical context in which German citizenship policy has developed and evolved. After 1945, former German areas were under the rule of four occupied powers, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the France. Soon afterwards, new federal states(Länder) were formed in the Allied zones, replacing the pre-war states. In 1949, with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War, the two German states originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones. The Basic Law for the FRG(Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) was approved on 8 may 1949 as the Constitution of West Germany. And the first constitution of the GDR was proclaimed on 7 October 1949. The German Basic Law(Article 116) confers, within the confines of the laws regulating the details, a right to citizenship upon any person who is admitted to Germany(in its 1937 borders). At one time, ethnic Germans living abroad in a country in the former Eastern Bloc(Aussiedler) could obtain citizenship through a virtually automatic procedure. The German Basic Law entitles persons, who were denaturalised by the Nazi government, to be renaturalised if they wish. German citizenship was based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis, which originated from the 1913 nationality law. Also the 1949 constitution of the GDR was based same principle. But in 1967, Ulbricht called for a new constitution, declaring that the 1949 constitution no longer accorded with the relations of socialist society and the present level of historical development. The 1968 new constitution of GDR was conformed with the Marxist-Leninist belief in the progression of history and the role of the working class led by the SED. After German unification in 1990 and the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1991, the principle of jus sanguinis became outdated and impractical.

나치 독일의 여성정책 : 여성의 사회적 · 경제적 역할 변화를 중심으로

권형진 건국대학교 통일인문학연구단 2006 통일인문학 Vol.44 No.-

틱 증상을 호소하는 초등생의 가족상담 사례연구

권형진 가정과삶의질학회 2016 가정과삶의질학회 학술발표대회 자료집 Vol.2016 No.5

대학생 취업문제, 대학별 자구책과 취업통계조사 개선방향

권형진,Gwon, Hyeong-Jin 한국대학교육협의회 2007 大學敎育 Vol.150 No.-

퍼지 알고리즘을 이용한 시스템 멀티 에어컨의 고장진단 알고리즘 개발

권형진,김훈모,조금남,태상진,최창식,문제명,김종엽 대한기계학회 2005 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.29 No.11

경제대공황기 브라운스 위원회(Brauns-Kommission) 활동에 대한 역사적 평가

권형진 한국서양사연구회 2009 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.41

The Great Depression that began in 1929 had a fatal effect on the Weimar Republic. The twenty-six-month-long tenure of Heinrich Brüning's Cabinet, which came into power in 1930 amidst rapidly rising unemployment, was a decisive moment in the fate of the Weimar Republic. However, the Brüning government's policies, which exhibited authoritarian practices through presidential rights of emergency, resulted in a failure. This paper is about the deflation policies of the Brüning government, which declared in 1930 that the "most urgent task of my policies is the reform of state finances" (die Sanierung der Finanzen als das Dringendste seiner Politik). The aim is to refute the thesis of Knut Borchardt, that the Brüning government had no choice but to choose the policy of deflation. In particular, by analyzing the activities and reports of the Brauns Commission, formed at a point when the failures of Brüning government's "dual policy" became apparent, I examine whether or not the Brüning government had an intention of creating jobs though the policy of financial deficit. The analysis of and solution to the economic situation of the period, as found in three reports of the Brauns Commission, are as follows. The first report recognizes economic situation of the period, especially the rapid rise of unemployment, and proposes the implementation of measures that can indirectly result in employment. A few examples are the creation of jobs by reducing the weekly work time from 48 hours to 40 hours and the ban on dual labor. The second report investigates in detail job-creating measures in various sectors but makes no suggestion on how to secure the needed budget. The third report examines various ways to resolve the finance problems of unemployment insurance, made difficult by the rise of unemployment. However, by analyzing the reports of the Brauns Commission, we cannot help but to doubt that the Commission fully recognized the economic situation of the period and adequately examined the possibilities. This leads us to ask whether the Brauns Commission was created to evade the political attacks faced by the Brüning Government confronted with a difficult economic situation. 4~6 months were thus wasted in the name of economic recovery. Along with the "size of the budget," a critical element in the success of job creation through public projects is "timing." Key words: Great depression, Heinrich Brüning, Dual policy, Brauns commission, Job creation policy