Democratization and Politics of Trasformismo: Explaining the 1990 Three-Party Merger in South Korea

권혁용 사단법인 코리아컨센서스연구원 2017 분석과 대안 Vol.1 No.2

Research on democratic transitions has relatively ignored the question of why some countries experience a regressive form of political pacts, while others do not. This paper develops a simple game-theoretic model to explain the phenomenon of collusive pacts in the process of democratization. Trasformismo is a term that refers to a system of political exchange based on informal clientelistic politics. The existing studies of the politics of trasformismo have emphasized the timing of industrialization and the tradition of strong state as conditions of the politics of trasformismo. However, not every late industrializers and not every strong states experienced some variants of collusive political pacts in their trajectories of democratization. In this paper, I contend that the politics of trasformismo is rather a generalizable pattern of political elites’ behavior under particular circumstances. By developing a simple game theoretic model, this paper suggests the conditions under which political actors are likely to collude to a regressive form of political pacts. The model shows that the likelihood of collusion to a regressive form of political pacts is a function of a set of parameters. First, a higher level of incumbency advantage in electoral competition is likely to be associated with a higher probability of collusive political pacts. Second, a higher degree of the monopoly of political representation of political parties without a close link with a variety of societal forces is likely to induce collusive behavior among politicians. Third, the ruling party leader’s expectations about the likelihood of a safe extrication are related to collusive political pacts. This paper then engages in a case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea. The 1990 Korean case is interesting in that the ruling party created a new party after having merged with two opposition parties. This case can be considered a result of political maneuver in a context of democratization. The case study suggests the empirical relevance of the game-theoretic model. As the game of trasformismo and the case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea have shown, the collusive political pact was neither determined by a certain stage of economic development nor by a particular cultural systems. Rather, it was a product of the art of trasformismo based on party leaders’ rational calculations of the expected likelihood of taking governing power. Research on democratic transitions has relatively ignored the question of why some countries experience a regressive form of political pacts, while others do not. This paper develops a simple game-theoretic model to explain the phenomenon of collusive pacts in the process of democratization. Trasformismo is a term that refers to a system of political exchange based on informal clientelistic politics. The existing studies of the politics of trasformismo have emphasized the timing of industrialization and the tradition of strong state as conditions of the politics of trasformismo. However, not every late industrializers and not every strong states experienced some variants of collusive political pacts in their trajectories of democratization. In this paper, I contend that the politics of trasformismo is rather a generalizable pattern of political elites’ behavior under particular circumstances. By developing a simple game theoretic model, this paper suggests the conditions under which political actors are likely to collude to a regressive form of political pacts. The model shows that the likelihood of collusion to a regressive form of political pacts is a function of a set of parameters. First, a higher level of incumbency advantage in electoral competition is likely to be associated with a higher probability of collusive political pacts. Second, a higher degree of the monopoly of political representation of political parties without a close link with a variety of societal forces is likely to induce collusive behavior among politicians. Third, the ruling party leader’s expectations about the likelihood of a safe extrication are related to collusive political pacts. This paper then engages in a case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea. The 1990 Korean case is interesting in that the ruling party created a new party after having merged with two opposition parties. This case can be considered a result of political maneuver in a context of democratization. The case study suggests the empirical relevance of the game-theoretic model. As the game of trasformismo and the case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea have shown, the collusive political pact was neither determined by a certain stage of economic development nor by a particular cultural systems. Rather, it was a product of the art of trasformismo based on party leaders’ rational calculations of the expected likelihood of taking governing power.

제언 - "자영업자까지 생존가격 도입을 외치는데${\cdots}$"

권혁용,Gwon, Hyeok-Yong 대한기계설비건설협회 2014 기계설비 Vol.290 No.-

제언 - 폐지여론 몰린 실적공사비제

권혁용,Gwon, Hyeok-Yong 대한기계설비건설협회 2014 기계설비 Vol.286 No.-

제언 - 정부 내년 예산안, 울어야 할까? 웃어야 할까?

권혁용,Gwon, Hyeok-Yong 대한기계설비건설협회 2013 기계설비 Vol.279 No.-

제언 - 지하철 미디어시장의 급변이 주는 교훈

권혁용,Gwon, Hyeok-Yong 대한기계설비건설협회 2013 기계설비 Vol.273 No.-

선택도핑에 도금법으로 Ni/Cu 전극을 형성한 태양전지에 관한 연구

권혁용,이재두,이해석,이수홍,Kwon, Hyuk-Yong,Lee, Jae-Doo,Lee, Hae-Seok,Lee, Soo-Hong 한국전기전자재료학회 2011 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.24 No.12

The use of plated front contact for metallization of silicon solar cell may alternative technologies as a screen printed and silver paste contact. This technologies should allow the formation of contact with low contact resistivity a high line conductivity and also reduction of shading losses. A selective emitter structure with highly dopes regions underneath the metal contacts, is widely known to be one of the most promising high-efficiency solution in solar cell processing. When fabricated Ni/Cu plating metallization cell with a selective emitter structure, it has been shown that efficiencies of up to 18% have been achieved using this technology.

제언 - 씽크탱크와 마우스탱크

권혁용,Gwon, Hyeok-Yong 대한기계설비건설협회 2015 기계설비 Vol.297 No.-

The effects of electron transfer layer on efficiency of polymer photovoltaic cells

권혁용,정선주,김진후,박이순,한윤수 한국고분자학회 2009 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2009 No.10

한국의 민주주의 퇴행

권혁용 한국정치학회 2023 한국정치학회보 Vol.57 No.1

한국 민주주의는 퇴행하고 있는가? 이 논문은 민주주의 퇴행(democratic backsliding)에 관한 논의들에 비추어 한국 민주주의의 현 상태를 진단하고 분석한다. 세계 여러 나라에서 발견되는 민주주의의 퇴행은 정치적 양극화와 강한 당파성이라는 조건에서 집권한 현직자가 민주주의의 제도적 장치를 활용하여 안으로부터 점진적으로 민주주의의 가치와 원칙을 잠식하는 현상이다. 이 논문은 우선 한국의 정치적 양극화와 강한 당파성의 추이를 검토한다. 이어서 최근 한국 정치 에서 발견되는 민주주의 퇴행 현상을 정당 및 집권자 수준과 대중 수준에서 분석한다. 이 논문은 한국 민주주의의 퇴행이 민주적 제도를 합법적으로 활용하여 점진적으로 이루어진다는 점을 보 여준다. 또한 한국 민주주의에 대한 위협은 포퓰리즘의 위협과 전문가 기술관료주의 위협, 두 가 지로부터 비롯될 수 있다는 점을 제시한다.

단결정 실리콘 태양전지의 후면 전극형성에 관한 비교분석

권혁용,이재두,김민정,이수홍,Kwon, Hyuk-Yong,Lee, Jae-Doo,Kim, Min-Jeong,Lee, Soo-Hong 한국전기전자재료학회 2010 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.23 No.7

Surface recombination loss should be reduced for high efficiency of solar cells. To reduce this loss, the BSF (back surface field) is used. The BSF on the back of the p-type wafer forms a p+layer, which prevents the activity of electrons of the p-area for the rear recombination. As a result, the leakage current is reduced and the rear-contact has a good Ohmic contact. Therefore, the open-circuit-voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) of solar cells are increased. This paper investigates the formation of the rear contact process by comparing aluminum-paste (Al-paste) with pure aluminum-metal(99.9%). Under the vacuum evaporation process, pure aluminum-metal(99.9%) provides high conductivity and low contact resistance of $4.2\;m{\Omega}cm$, but It is difficult to apply the standard industrial process to it because high vacuum is needed, and it's more expensive than the commercial equipment. On the other hand, using the Al-paste process by screen printing is simple for the formation of metal contact, and it is possible to produce the standard industrial process. However, Al-paste used in screen printing is lower than the conductivity of pure aluminum-metal(99.9) because of its mass glass frit. In this study, contact resistances were measured by a 4-point probe. The contact resistance of pure aluminum-metal was $4.2\;m{\Omega}cm$ and that of Al-paste was $35.69\;m{\Omega}cm$. Then the rear contact was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).