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참나무 톱밥배지의 살균 및 배양온도가 표고 균사생장에 미치는 영향
구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),이귀용 ( Gwi Yong Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2012 한국산림과학회지 Vol.101 No.1
Sterilization of oak sawdust at 65oC for Lentinula edodes bed cultivation can be efficient in sterilization facility cost, but its effect on the mushroom production is uncertain due to high contamination probability. The effective conditions for L. edodes hyphal growth in the low temperature sterilized oak sawdust were investigated with combinations of three sterilization temperatures (65oC, 100oC and 121oC) and four cultivation temperatures (15oC, 20oC, 25oC, and 30oC). L. edodes inoculation density effect was also tested with 1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm distance in the sawdust (4%, 11% and 25% inoculation rate by surface area). L. edodes hyphal growth in the sawdust sterilized at 65oC was as much as at those 100oC and 121oC when the fungus cultured below 25oC, but it was greatly reduced when cultured at 30oC. And the sawdust medium with 1cm distance inoculation density was fully occupied with L. edodes hyphae, but those with 2~4 cm distance inoculation were contaminated by 14~33%. Therefore, we conclude that low temperature sterilized oak sawdust needs to be cultured under 25oC after sufficient inoculation by 25% for successful bed cultivation of L. edodes.
구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ) 한국산림과학회 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.1
Tricholorrut rruxtsutake ectomycorrhizas are unique in their morphology: not bifurcated broom shaped roots with not easily wettable brilliant and profuse white hyphae. To understand these characteristics the ectomycorrhizas were investigated with electron microscopy. T. ,natsutake cctomycorrhiza have thin mantle and typical Hartig net development in the epidermis and cortex, but no fungal mantle on the root apex. There were no penetrating hyphae inside of the cells of either epidermis, cortex or stele. Inside of the walls of epidermis and cortex cells are lined with ca. 2 ㎛ hemispherical amyloplasts. The brilliant hyphal surface was covered with various fine amorphous granules. The hyphal cell wail was thin membrane less than 0.3 ㎛ thick. There is no clamp connection on the hyphae. This thin membraneous cell wall with high elasticity can be related to survival strategy of the species without plasmolysis under frequent soil water stress environment. And the coarse hyphal surface with some water repellency can control sudden inrush of water of the hyphae with an extremely low osmotic potential. It is concluded that no mantle on the tip can induce mycorrhizas not bifurcated and that finely coarse surface of T. matsurake hyphae can make the hyphae brilliantly white but less wetted.
구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ),이희수 ( Hee Su Lee ),박용우 ( Yong Woo Park ),김재수 ( Je Su Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3
The process of cultivation and production of oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) on sawdust surface beds were investigated. Sawdust surface bed cultivation is the method by which oak mushrooms are cultured and produced on sterilized sawdust surface bed without using bags. The bed was made by inoculating with 3 to 1 ratio of bed sawdust to oak mushroom mycelial inoculum. The sawdust bed medium with 65% water content was pasteurized at 65℃, inoculated with sawdust spawn and spread on the surface on vinyl film in cultivation shed. During 78 days of cultivation period, water content in the medium varied from 61 to 72%, its pH decreased from 5.6 to 3.9~4.6 and ergosterol concentration increased to 0.33~0.59 μg/g. CO2 concentration in the medium rapidly increased to 8.06% in two weeks. In seven weeks the medium surface started browning and CO2 concentration increased to about 5.63%. Until 11th week the CO2 concentration was maintained at 6~7%. After removing the plastic cover on the bed for ventilation in 12 weeks, CO2 within the bed reduced dramatically to 1.5%. In the cultivation shed the internal temperature was 7.1~29℃ and humidity was 27.3 to 100%, while bed temperature ranged 11.6~30℃. Oak mushroom fruiting started from late July, in 120 days after bed establishment in late March and continued for approximately 100 days until early December with eight cycles of irrigation treatment. The mushroom yield of the eight cycles were 288~352 kg during the 1st (7/29~8/4) to 3rd cycle (9/3~9/7), 800 kg at the 4th cycle (9/19~9/24), 1,296~1,853 kg during 5th (10/3~10/ 8) to 7th cycle (4.11~11/9) and 990 kg at 8th cycle (11/23~12/7). Total production was approximately 7.4 tons from 33.0 tons of oak sawdust medium, thus harvest efficiency of the mushroom production was approximately 22.4%.
아버스큘 균근균 접종이 균종과 토양상태에 따라 물푸레나무 묘목의 생장에 미치는 영향
구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ) 한국산림과학회 1997 한국산림과학회지 Vol.86 No.4
I examined arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus inoculation effects on the seedling growth of Korean ash tree(Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance), which distributes in fertile mesic soils, under a seven-day watering cycle of water stress and compost-added fertile conditions. Three Korea-native AM fungi were inoculated : an unidentified Glomus species, Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol. & Gerd) Walker & Sanders from disturbed forest soils. The effect of AM fungus inoculation on the seedling varied depending upon fungal species and soil conditions. AM formation was 27 to 65% by the Glomus without forming spores, 47 to 74% with about 10 spores per 20g soil by G. margarita and about 65% with 35 spores by S. heterogama. The soil conditions did not affect either AM or spore formation. The Glomus inoculation increased shoot N and P concentrations, but did not affect seedling growth. G. margarita increased shoot N and P, irrespective of soil conditions, in general, but S. heterogama increased N under water stress and Pin the control soil only. These two fungi significantly increased seedling growth in both control and water stress soils. Compost addition increased the growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings and offset AM fungus inoculation effects. The relative field mycorrhizal dependency(RFMD) of the seedlings was significant only in control and water stress soils by over 40% in G. margarita or S. heterogama AM plants. Under water stress RFMD was the most evident in S. heterngama AM plants. 1 conclude that some AM fungi such as G, margarita and S. heterogama can broaden the niche of Korean ash seedlings to a water stress or nutrient poor site but less likely to more fertile sites.
광도와 Frankia 질소고정균 및 Alpova diplophloeus 외생균근균의 (外生菌根菌) 접종이 루브라 오리나무 묘목내 (苗木內) 삼자공생관계 발달에 미치는 영향
구창덕(Chang Duck Koo),Randy Molina(Randy Molina),Steven Miller(Steven Miller) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.3
To investigate the effect of low light intensities and the inoculation of Frankia and/or Alpova diplophloeus on the symbioses development and their host growth, red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings were grown in an air - filtered walk - in growth chamber with either N₂ - fixing Frankia inoculation or N - fertilization and live or dead spore inoculation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus: A. diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith. When they were 20 weeks old, the seedlings were grown under three levels of light intensities of 680, 320 and 220μ㏖/㎡/s PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) for three weeks. PPFD of 220 significantly decreased the development of A. aiplophloeus mycorrhizae and nodules, the rates of N₂ - fixation and CO₂ exchange, and the growth of tile seedlings. PPFD 320 significantly decreased the CO₂ exchange rate only. Frankia inoculation significantly increased mycorrhiza formation and seedling growth. Alpoaa inoculation significantly increased seedling growth but not nodule development and N₂- fixation. None of the symbionts affected CO₂ exchange rates. Frankia was more critical for seedling growth and mycorrhizal development than the mycorrhizal fungus for seedling growth and nodule development.
표고 지면재배용 참나무 톱밥배지의 분해와 갈변의 형태적 특성
구창덕 ( Chang Duck Koo ),이선정 ( Seon Jeong Lee ),이화용 ( Hwa Yong Lee ) 한국균학회 2013 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.41 No.2
This study investigated the internal and external morphological characteristics of decomposition and browning of oak sawdust medium for ground bed cultivation of Lentinula edodes. Within fifty days after L. edodes inoculation, surface hyphae on the bed browned. In 110 days, the fungal hyphae occupied and decomposed wood fibers, vessels and parenchymatous cells from the inside as white profuse hyphal mass was amorphously dissolving the saw dust particles from the outer surface. Most of the white hyphal bed surface became cleanly brown, however, some colony surface became blackened and slimy with contaminating bacteria, hyphae and spores. The brown layer was ca. 0.34 mm thick with highly dense and white hyphal mass beneath, whereas the blackened layer was ca. 1.17 mm thick with shrunken hyphae and less decomposed sawdust particles beneath. The surface hardness of the brown surface was ca. 0.73 kgf/cm2, soft and resilient, while that of the blackened was ca. 0.91 kgf/cm2, hard and nonresilient. By 150 days Lentinula edodes mushrooms fruited only on the brown surface and not on the blackened medium.
질소와 인산 시비가 루브라 오리나무 ( Alnus rubra Bong . ) 묘목의 외생균근발달과 질소고정 및 생장에 미치는 영향
구창덕(Chang Duck Koo),(Randolph J . Molina),(Steven L . Miller),(Ching Y . Li) 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.1
Red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.) seedlings inoculated with Frankia only or both Frankia and spores of Alpova diplophloeus(Zeller & Dodge) Trappe & Smith were grown in a greenhouse for ten weeks. The ten-week-old seedlings were fertilized with six nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) fertility regimes (no fertilization, 10mM NH₄NO₃, 50mM NH₄NO₃, 5mM KH₂PO₄, 10mM NH₄NO₃+5mM KH₂PO₄, and 50mM NH₄NO₃+5mM KH₂PO₄) three times a week for ten weeks. The higher N-fertilization significantly increased mycorrhiza formation by greenhouse contaminant mycorrhizal fungi, but decreased N-fixation and P concentration in nodule tissues. P-fertilization significantly increased nodule and shoot dry weight, and P concentration in plant tissues. When N was highly fertilized, however, the P-fertilization effect disappeared in nodule P concentration but doubled in leaf P concentration. A. diplophloeus inoculation significantly increased diameter growth and CO₂ exchange rate, but decreased leaf dry weight. Our results suggest that the higher N- or P-fertilization affect nitrogenase activity and mycorrhizal development but the effects are changed by their interactions.