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Y - 제올라이트 촉매상에서의 톨루엔과 메탄올로부터 자일렌 합성에 관한 연구
곽종운,이호인 한국화학공학회 1984 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.22 No.4
Y-제올라이트 觸媒上에서 p-자일렌을 生成키 爲하여 톨루엔을 메탄올로 알킬化 反應을 시켰다. 實驗은 常庄下에서 固定相 觸媒를 利用하여 遂行하였고, 자일렌 異性體의 選拔性은 反應溫度, 空間速度, 反應物의 比率 등 實驗條件에 따라 顯著한 差異를 나타내었다. 反應 最適溫度인 350℃에서 熱力學的 平衡狀態는 約 20%의 p-자일렌을 混合자일렌 속에 含有하고 있는데 反하여, 本 實驗의 境遇, p-자일렌은 47%의 組成을 이루었다. HX觸媒는 높은 選拔性을, HY觸媒는 높은 活性을 나타내었고, HM觸媒와 Si-Al 觸媒는 낮은 活性을 나타내었다. 最適 反應條件은, 反應溫度는 350℃, 톨루엔/메탄올의 몰比는 2, 空間速度는 0.48ℓ /g-cat/hr이었다. 相對的으로 높은 反應溫度에서는 Y-제올라이트 觸媒上에서 熱力學的 平兄値와 類似한 자일렌 混合物을 生成하였다. 主 生成物은 자일렌, 트리메틸벤젠 및 벤젠이었으며, 氣體 크로마토그래피에 依하여 分析하였다. 자일렌 生成에 미치는 助觸媒의 影響을 알아보기 爲하여 BF₃와 WO₃를 主觸媒에 添加시켰다. HY觸媒에 담지된 BF₃의 量이 2wt%일때 p-자일렌의 收率은 8.6%에서 13.7%로 增加하였으며, WO₃의 境遇, WO₃의 含量이 5wt%일때 8.6%에서 13.8%로 增加하였다. 또 p-자일렌의 生成에 Bro¨nsted酸이 미치는 影響을 알아보기 爲하여 HCl을 HFeY觸媒에 添加시켰다. HCl의 含量이 메탄올 量의 6wt%일때, p-자일렌의 收率은 15.7%에서 19.7%로 增加하였다. Toluene has been alkylated with methanol over Y-zeolite catalysts to produce p-xylene. The experiment was carried out continuously over fixed bed catalysts under atmospheric pressure. The selectivity for a specific xylene isomer was demonstrated to undergo a remarkable change depending on the experimental conditions such as temperature, space velocity, and reactant ratio in the feed. At thermodynamic equilibrium at 350℃ of optimum reaction temperature, the xylene mixture contains about 20% of p-xylene, while in this study the product mixture consisted of 47% of p-xylene. It has been found that HX-zeolite has a high selectivity and HY-zeolite a high activity, whereas both HM-zeolite and silica-alumina have low activities. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows; reaction temperature of 350℃, toluene/methanol mole ratio of 2, and space velocity of 0.48 ℓ/gr-cat/hr. At relatively high reaction temperatures, Y-zeolite catalysts produced the mixture of xylene which composition corresponds closely to thermodynamic equilibrium values. The main products were xylene, trimethylbenzene, and benzene. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography. As a promoter, BF₃ and WO₃ were added to the main catalysts in order to understand the effect of supports on the formation of xylene. When the content of BF₃ supported on HY-zeolite was 2wt%, the yield of p-xylene was increased from 8.6% to 13.7%. For WO₃, with 5wt% of WO₃ the yield of p-xylene was increased from 8.6% to 13.8%. In order to know the effect of Bronsted acid on the yield of p-xylene, HCl was added to HFeY catalyst. As the content of p-xylene was 6wt% with respect to methanol, the yield of p-xylene was increased from 15.7% to 19.7%.
질소/인 동시제거를 위한 하수의 화학적 처리 : 소규모 파일럿실험을 중심으로
곽종운,최정환 한국수처리기술연구회 1994 한국수처리학회지 Vol.2 No.3
The main purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the chemical sewage treatment has been influenced on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the municipal sewage water. A pilot system adjacent to a sewage treatment plant was designed to evaluate the efficacy in removing nitrogen and phosphorus. The chemical treatment step for this system included flocculation and sedimentation. In the test period of about four weeks, the pilot plant for chemical/biological treatment using a coagulant of prepolmerized Hi-PAX was operated in comparison with the conventional biological treatment. The appropriate dosage was 33 ㎕/ℓ to all tested process and the corresponding flow rate of sewage water to be treated was 500 ℓ/day. In our study, phosphorus was possible to remove up to 79% from 4.23 ppm of raw sewage water due to the precipitation with aluminium component from the coagulant used. Chemical precipitation had a positive effect on the denitrification because of a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. In order to enhance denitrification rate, acetic acid as single carbon source was added to the reaction zone at equivalent rates, showing about 93% in the removal of nitrogen.
곽종운,이병구 한국공업화학회 1997 응용화학 Vol.1 No.1
제지 폐수처리에서 SS(suspended solid)는 90%이상 제거되나, 이온성물질은 백수가 순환되면서 계속 축적된다. 재활용율이 증가함에 따라 이온성 물질의 농도는 증가하는데 80% 재활용할 때에 비해, 90 % 재활용할 경우는 4 배정도 증가한다. 판지를 생산하는 경우 Ca 경도가 백수의 재활용에 영향을 미치는데 이는 PASS(poly aluminium silicate sulfate)을 이용하여 pH를 제어함으로써 Ca의 이온 축적을 최소화 할 수 있었다. Suspended solid is possible to be removed more than 90% with chemical coagulation process, but dissolved solids are subsequently accumulated in white water system due to the reuse of white water. There was a big difference in the dissolved solid concentration depending on the amount of white water reuse discharged from the wet end process, especially jumping from 80% to 90%. PASS was proved to be more effective for controlling pH over alum, leading to reducing Ca ions concentration and eventually minimizing them which otherwise they will be accumulated in the white water.