1세대 Northgate SD-3와 3세대 Donier Compact Delta를 이용한 체외충격파쇄석술의 비교 : 상부 및 중부요관석 243례

고영록,노준,소영석 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2003 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.28 No.2

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of the Dornier Compact Delta lithotriptor with the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor in the treatment of upper and mid-ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 243 patients without any previous experience of ESWL were treated for upper and mid-ureteral stones. 121 patients were managed with the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor which had ultrasonography targeting system and electro hydraulic shock wave source. The other 122 patients were treated with the Dornier Compact Delta equipped with a fluoroscopic focusing system and electromagnetic shock wave source. The locations and sizes of stones, sessions, stone-free rates, auxiliary procedures, and complications of ESWL were reviewed retrospectively. In each group stone-free results were determined by KUB 1 month after the last ESWL and then efficacy quotients (EQ) were obtained. Results: Baseline characteristics were equivalent, including patient ages, sex ratio, stone numbers and locations. Using the Northgate SD-3 lithotriptor, the average sessions and stone-free rates were 1.53 and 86.8%, respectively. Using the Dornier Compact Delta lithotriptor, average sessions and stone-free rate were 1.38 and 92.6 %, respectively. Effectiveness quotient(EQ) in the Northgate SD-3 and the Dornier Compact Delta was 61 and 65, the rates of the auxiliary procedure were 9.1% and 18%. Conclusions: The Dornier Compact Delta lithotripsy resulted in a higher stone-free rate and EQ, although it was associated with a higher rate of pre-ESWL auxiliary procedures than the Northgate SD-3 Lithotripsy.

상부요로 이행세포암에 대한 후복막강경 신요관적출술과 관혈적 신요관적출술의 비교

고영록,장대수,김철성 대한비뇨의학회 2004 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.45 No.11

동측 이형성신을 동반한 일측 단일 이소성 요관 : 2증례 보고 2 CASE REPORT

고영록,정충식,소영석 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

An ectopic ureter has been defined as a ureter that inserts at or distal to the bladder neck. The majority of ectopic ureter cases are associated with ureteral duplication and, therefore, single ectopic ureter is reported to be rare. The diagnosis of a single ectopic ureter may be difficult because the kidney usually is dysplastic. We report on 2 male patients with single ectopic ureters who had ipsilateral dysplastic kidney.

소반의 구조를 적용한 Outdoor Table 디자인 연구

고영록(Young-Lok Go),김정호(Chung Ho Kim) 한국가구학회 2014 한국가구학회지 Vol.25 No.4

The approach of using the structure of the Joseon Dynasty Zen tradition we design a piece of table for outdoor camping is a necessity in modern culture as continuing to develop this research. Analyzing outdoor and camping equipment according to the time change, we focus on the study table for outdoor camping can apply the structure of the elbow. Outdoor supply is also overlaid with the change, while changing in the picnic and camping camp sensibility that was taking advantage of the individuality of each of the general camp. However, it is a surface camp that Korean culture is not to build up the camp culture that has been fixed camp culture of the world in the only development, following the camp trend of European and American. In an attempt to adhere to the trend of Korea currently camped, camping outdoor products that apply the beauty of Korea with a combination of new modern representation tradition and our culture has designed research. I have designed the camp outdoor table based on the contents mentioned above. For the design of this time, it is now possible to use appropriately in accordance with the outdoor environment conditions that are designed to upright seat sharing table in the market tables for camping and to be divided into the seat and upright.

슬관절 퇴행성 관절염 환자에서 척추 시상면 지표의 변화

강규복,김영배,고영록,정지영 대한척추외과학회 2017 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Study Design: Research using radiographic findings. Objectives: To compare spinopelvic parameters in detail between normal subjects and those who had bilateral gonarthrosis with or without spondylosis. Summary of Literature Review: The relationship between knee joint flexion contracture and hypolordosis in the lumbar spine has been well established. However, spinopelvic parameters in subjects with gonarthrosis without flexion contracture have not been well described in the literature. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven male subjects in their 60s with bilateral gonarthrosis over Kellgren-Lawrence grade III were included. They were subdivided into the KS group (with spinal osteoarthritis, n=32) and the KN group (without spinal osteoarthritis, n=25). Normal asymptomatic subjects without disease in their back or leg were analyzed as the control group (NN; n=84). The following spinopelvic parameters were measured and compared; C7 plumbline (C7PL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI). Results: In the KS group, the C7PL was significantly anteriorly displaced compared to the KN group (1.7±4.5 cm vs. −0.6±2.9 cm, p=0.031) and the NN group (1.7±4.5 cm vs. −0.5±2.9 cm, p=0.014). TK in the KN group was significantly smaller than in the NN group (25.4±8.8° vs. 30.1±8.3°, p=0.041). The KS group had the smallest value of LL, while the NN group had the largest value of LL (−23.2±48.7° vs. −44.9±33.8° vs. −57.3±8.5°, p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in PI, SS, or PT among the 3 groups. A strong correlation was found between LL and SS in the NN group (R=−0.776, p<0.01), while this correlation was moderate in the KN group (R=−0.355, p<0.01). Conclusions: Overall balance was maintained in the subjects who had gonarthrosis without spinal osteoarthritis. Subjects with gonarthrosis showed less LL, especially if they had spinal osteoarthritis. Further studies are needed to characterize the differences in these pelvic parameters, and to evaluate changes in individuals with knee joint flexion contracture. 연구 계획: 방사선학적 검사를 이용한 연구. 목적: 슬관절염을 가지고 있는 환자들과 정상인의 척추를 비교하여 방사선학적 검사를 통해 시상면상 척추와 골반의 세분화된 지표들에 대하여 비교해보고자 하였다. 선행 연구문헌의 요약: 슬관절염 환자의 굴곡 구축과 요추의 전만 감소와의 상관관계는 잘 알려져 있지만, 어느 쪽이 원인 질환인지는 알려져 있지 않다. 굴곡 변형이 없는 슬관절 관절염 환자의 흉추를 포함하는 척추와 골반의 시상면상 변수들의 변화에 대하여는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 대상 및 방법: 양측에 Kellgren-Lawrence grade III 이상의 슬관절염을 가진 60대의 남성 환자들(n=57)을 대상으로 척추의 관절염이 있는 군(KS, n=32)과척추의 이상이 관찰되지 않는 군(KN, n=25)으로 세분하여 이를 동일 연령대의 정상인 대조군(NN, n=84)과 비교하였다. 방사선학적 검사로 제 7경추 수선(C7 plumbline, C7PL), 흉추 후만(thoracic kyphosis, TK), 흉요추 후만(thoracolumbar kyphosis, TLK), 요추 전만(lumbar lordosis, LL), 천추 경사(sacral slope, SS), 골반 경사(pelvic tilt, PT), 골반 입사각(pelvic incidence, PI) 등을 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과: C7PL은 KS에서 KN군(1.7±4.5 cm vs. -0.6±2.9 cm, p=0.031) 및 NN군(1.7±4.5 cm vs. -0.5±2.9 cm, p=0.014)에 비하여 유의하게 전방으로전이되어 있었다. TK는 KN군이 NN군에 비하여 유의하게 작은 값을 보였다(25.4±8.8도 vs. 30.1±8.3도, p=0.041). LL은 KS군에서 가장 작은 값을, NN 군에서 가장 큰 값을 보였다(-23.2±48.7도 vs. -44.9±33.8도 vs. -57.3±8.5도, p<0.001). 골반 지표의 경우 PI, SS, PT에서 세 군 사이의 유의한 차이를보이지 않았다. 요추 전만과 천추 경사 사이의 상관관계는 NN군에서는 고도의 상관관계(R=-0.776, p<0.01)를, KN군에서는 중등도의 상관 관계를 보였다(R=-0.355, p<0.01). 결론: 슬관절 관절염을 가진 환자들 중에서 척추에 병변이 없는 환자들은 정상적인 시상면상 균형을 유지할 수 있었다. 환자들은 정상인에 비하여 요추전만이 감소하였으며, 척추의 관절염이 동반된 경우 더욱 감소하였다. 골반 지표들은 세 군에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 이에 대하여는 향 후 슬관절의굴곡이 심한 관절염 환자들을 대상으로 추가의 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 약칭 제목: 슬관절염과 척추 시상면

서버 가상화 환경에서 이주 횟수를 최소화하는 시뮬레이션 기반 이주 알고리즘

최현식(Hyunsik Choi),고영록(Youngrok Ko),박성용(Sungyong Park) 한국정보과학회 2011 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.38 No.4

서버 가상화 환경의 이주 시스템은 자원이 부족한 물리서버의 가상서버를 자원이 넉넉한 물리서버로 이주시켜서 부하를 분산시키며, 그를 바탕으로 물리서버의 자원 부족 문제를 해결한다. 기존의 이주 시스템들은 적재 문제의 효과적인 해결책인 최초 적합 알고리즘을 통해 이주 정책을 결정한다. 하지만 가상서버의 자원 사용량은 계속적으로 변하므로, 단순한 알고리즘을 통해 최적의 이주 시나리오를 도출할 수 없다. 따라서 그를 기반으로 하는 시스템은 더 많은 이주를 발생시키고, 그에 따른 추가적인 비용이 소모된다. 본 논문에서는 가상서버 자원 중 CPU 사용률의 예측치를 바탕으로 시뮬레이션을 수행하여, 예측 구간 내에서는 최적의 이주 정책을 수행하는 추가 이주 최소화 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 추가 이주 최소화 알고리즘은 목적지 물리서버를 결정할 때, 가상서버를 수용할 수 있는 모든 물리서버에 대한 이주가 가능하다고 가정하고, 각각의 경우를 시뮬레이션 하여 이주 횟수를 최소화하는 이주 시나리오를 이주 정책으로 결정한다. 따라서 제안하는 이주 알고리즘은 미래 CPU 요구량을 정확히 분석하여, 가상서버의 응용 프로그램에 높은 서비스 만족도를 제공하면서, 이주 횟수를 감소시켜 이주 시스템의 비용을 절감한다. Migration systems in server virtualization environments distribute workloads and solve resource shortage problems by moving a virtual machine in hotspot to a physical server having residual resources. Most of the migration systems use first fit algorithm known as an efficient solution for bin packing problem to determine migration policies. However, the algorithm cannot provide an optimal migration scenario, because the resource usage of virtual servers continuously changes. Consequently, the migration systems based on the algorithm issue more migrations and increase the cost of the physical servers. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based migration manager producing an optimal migration policy for its own window by simulating the forecasted CPU usages of virtual machines. The simulation-based migration algorithm assumes that every physical server with enough residual capacity to serve a victim can be a candidate destination and simulates a migration on each server. The algorithm finally selects a migration scenario whose expected number of migrations is the lowest. The system consequently, provides applications with high quality of service through accurate analysis and reduces the migration cost by minimizing the number of migrations.

Xen 가상화 환경에서 관리 도메인의 오버헤드를 고려한 CPU 할당 방법

윤현준(Hyun-jun Yun),고영록(Youngrok Ko),김준영(Junyoung Kim),박성용(Sungyong Park) 한국정보과학회 2012 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.39 No.1

가상화 환경에서는 목표 응답 시간과 같은 사용자의 요구 사항을 만족하기 위한 자동화된 관리 프레임워크가 필요하다. 기존의 Xen 가상화 환경에서 동작하는 관리 프레임워크는 각 가상 머신의 워크로드를 예측하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 요청이 목표 응답 시간 내에 응답할 수 있도록 각 가상 머신의 CPU 할당량을 결정한다. 그러나 기존 관리 프레임워크의 가상 머신 CPU 할당 정책은 도메인-0의 오버헤드를 CPU 할당 비율에 반영하고 있지 않으며, 그로 인해 서비스의 목표 응답 시간을 만족시키지 못할 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 도메인-0의 오버헤드를 고려한 CPU 할당 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 CPU 할당 기법은 도메인-0 오버헤드의 대표적인 원인 중 하나인 도메인-U의 I/O를 대상으로 성능개선을 시도한다. 이를 위해서 도메인-U의 워크로드를 CPU 위주의 워크로드와 I/O 위주의 워크로드를 구분한 후, 각 워크로드를 다른 비율로 CPU 할당 비율에 반영한다. 또한 얻어진 CPU 할당율을 조율함으로써 작업 보장성(Work Conserving) 스케줄링으로 인해 도메인-0에 충분한 CPU가 할당되지 못하는 상황을 막는다. 이러한 방식으로 도메인-0에 필요한 CPU를 할당함으로써 서비스의 목표 응답 시간을 만족시킬 확률을 높인다. In virtualization environment, automated management frameworks are necessary to meet users' requirements such as expected response time. The existing management frameworks working in the Xen virtualization environment estimate workload of each virtual machine. Based on this estimated result, the management frameworks make a decision of allocating CPU to each virtual machine in order that requests are responded within expected response time. But existing management frameworks' CPU allocation policies of the virtual machines do not reflect the overhead of domain-0 into the CPU allocation. By that, responding to request within expected response time can be failed. In this paper, we propose the CPU allocation technique that considers the overhead of domain-0. Proposed technique attempts to improve the I/O performance of domain-U, one of the primary cause of the domain-0's overhead. Proposed technique reflects I/O workload and CPU workload to the CPU allocation rate with different ratio. After that it tries to prevent situation that domain-0 cannot obtain enough CPU resource by work conserving scheduling of Xen credit scheduler. With the technique, domain-0 can obtain enough CPU resource to make domain-Us respond within expected response time.

방광에 발생한 원발성 아밀로이드증

노준,문형윤,이길용,고영록,소영석,김철성,장대수 대한비뇨의학회 2003 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.44 No.6

Influence of Epidural Steroid Injection on Adrenal Function

Won Shik Shin,Dong Ki Ahn,김명진,조경준,고영록 대한정형외과학회 2019 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.11 No.2

Background: Spinal diseases are self-limited or non-progressive in many cases. Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a common nonsurgical treatment option for spinal pain. Despite concerns about complications of repeated steroid injection, few studies reported on the adrenal function of spine disease patients undergoing surgery after ESI. We investigated the influence of preoperative multiple ESIs on adrenal function in spine surgery patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study with prospective data collection. Those who underwent elective spinal operations and had a history of multiple ESIs from January to June 2017 were selected as a study group. Those who underwent knee arthroplasty and did not have a history of ESI and any kind of steroid injection in other areas during 6 months before surgery were selected as a control group. Demographic data were compared to assess homogeneity between groups. We assessed the preoperative serum cortisol level (SCL) to compare the basal adrenal function between groups. Also, we assessed the elevation of SCL postoperatively to evaluate the adrenal response to the surgical stress in each group. For subgroup analysis, we divided all patients into normal (7–28 μg/dL) and subnormal groups according to SCL and analyzed risk factors of adrenal suppression with multivariate logistic regression test. Results: There were 53 patients in the study group and 130 in the control group. Age and sex were homogeneous between groups. There was significant intergroup difference in preoperative SCL (10.4 ± 4.8 μg/dL in the study group vs. 12.0 ± 4.2 μg/dL in the control group; p = 0.026).The postoperative day one SCL was 11.6 ± 5.0 μg/dL in the study group without significant increase from the preoperative level (p = 0.117), whereas the increase was significant in the control group with a postoperative level of 14.4 ± 4.4 μg/dL (p < 0.001). Among all patients, the SCL was subnormal in 18 patients and within the normal range in 165. Spine surgery was the independent risk factor irrespective of age and sex (odds ratio, 3.472; p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our results suggest that concern should be raised about the influence of preoperative multiple ESIs on adrenal suppression in spine surgery patients.

청년군과 고령군의 시상면상 흉추 및 흉요추 만곡의 비교

강규복(Gyu-Bok Kang),안영준(Young-Joon Ahn),김용정(Yongjung J. Kim),김영배(Youngbae B. Kim),고영록(Young-Rok Ko) 대한정형외과학회 2016 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.51 No.1

목적: 흉추 후만은 연령 변화에 따른 시상면상 균형과 수술의 범위를 결정하는 주요 인자이다. 그러나 이의 세부 변화에 대하여 알려진 바가 없어 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 326명의 척추와 하지의 질환이나 수술 등의 과거력이 없는 정상 성인 남성들을 연령에 따라 1군(평균, 21.2±1.7세) 및 2군(평균, 64.1±6.4세)으로 나누고 기립 측면 촬영에서 시상면상 척추 골반 지표들을 측정하였다. 흉추 및 흉요추 후만은 A (제7경추-제5흉추), B (제5-10흉추), C (제10-12흉추) 및 D (제12흉추-제2요추)의 4개 구간으로 세분하였다. 결과: 2군에서 흉추 후만각(21.1°±7.7° vs. 30.0°±8.8°, p<0.001), B구간(15.8°±6.1° vs. 18.1°±7.9°, p=0.003) 및 C구간(5.3°±5.1° vs. 11.8°±6.5°, p<0.001) 등이 증가하였다. A구간(12.1°±6.4° vs. 9.8°±6.4°, p=0.001)에서는 1군에서 큰 값을 보였다. D구간에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 흉추 후만의 증가는 고령군에서 중, 하부 흉추에서 증가를 보였다. 이는 청년군과 고령군의 정상 척추 해부학의 이해와 수술적 치료에 대한 중요한 참고 자료가 될 것이다. Purpose: Little is known with respect to changes in the segmental thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis, which are major parameters influencing sagittal balance of the spine. The authors investigated the detailed segmental changes of those parameters by ageing. Materials and Methods: A total of 326 normal asymptomatic males were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (mean age, 21.2±1.7; n=175) and group 2 (mean age, 64.1±6.4; n=151). After taking a standing sagittal radiograph, the sagittal spinal and pelvic parameters were measured. Thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphosis were classified according to segments A, C7 UEP (upper end vertebra)–T5 UEP; B, T5 UEP–T10 UEP; C, T10 UEP–T12 LEP (lower end vertebra); and D, (T12 LEP–L2 LEP), and analyzed between 2 groups, respectively. Results: Thoracic kyphosis (21.1°±7.7° vs. 30.0°±8.8°, p<0.001), segment B (15.8°±6.1o vs. 18.1°±7.9°, p=0.003), and segment C (5.3°±5.1° vs. 11.8o±6.5°, p<0.001) were increased in group 2. In group 2 segment A showed decreased kyphosis (12.1°±6.4° vs. 9.8°±6.4°, p=0.001). In segment D no significant difference was observed between groups. Conclusion: Increased thoracic kyphosis was observed in the middle and lower thoracic regions. The authors provided important references of sagittal parameters to determine the expected ranges of kyphosis for a normal asymptomatic male of a given age.