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고복승 ( Fu Sheng Gao ) 경희대학교 민속학연구소 2010 한국의 민속과 문화 Vol.15 No.-
본 논문은 중국 산동성과 한국의 조상제사를 비교하였다. 제Ⅱ장에서는 먼저 중국과 한국의 유교식 조상제사의 양상을 분석했다. 중국은 설날, 한식, 7월 15일, 10월 1일, 부모님의 忌日에 기제를 크게 지낸다. 한국은 설날, 한식, 단오, 추석, 기제를 크게 지내고 있다. 제Ⅲ장에서는 중국과 한국 조상제사의 지속과 변화의 모습에 주목하였다. 근대에 들어와 중국과 한국은 봉건시대에서 벗어나 민주화 시대에 접어들면서 조상제사의 의미가 퇴색되었다. 지금은 비록 유교식 조상제사가 정치적 역할을 하지는 않지만 孝사상을 선양하는 사회적 통념 속에서 큰 가치를 갖고 있다. 따라서 유교식 조상제사는 보존되고 지속되어야 한다. 그러나 유교식 조상제사는 날이 갈수록 사라지고 있다. 중국의 경우는 공산주사상의 영향으로, 한국의 경우는 기독교와 천주교를 비롯한 외래 종교의 영향으로 약화되는 추세이다. Ancestral rites are ceremonies dedicating the ancestors as a sacrificial ritual. China and Korea have the same confucian culture, and also they have lots of things in common and differences. Nevertheless, there aren`t many comparative studies in confucian ancestral rites so far. This thesis says the sameness and the differences of two countries` confucian ancestral rites based on the research on the critical apparatus and on-site inspections of the confucian ancestral tires. In the first chapter, examining Chinese confucian ancestral rites developments and Korean confucian ancestral rites acceptance and developments, the thesis studies the ancestral rites done in two countries. In the second chapter, the thesis compares the concept, time, place, kinds and offerings of Shandong Sheng in China and Korea`s ancestral rites. Through this comparison, it not only defines the sameness and differences of the two countries` confucian ancestral rites but also it analyzes the causes of differences. In the third chapter, the thesis compares the continuation and the changes of the confucian ancestral rites. Although though the confucian ancestral rites continue in two countries, they have been changed a lot. So, this thesis analyzes a political, cultural, economical and religious cause changing the confucian ancestral rites. The following is the sameness of the confucian ancestral rites in China and Korea. First, the confucian ancestral rites are a composite of the head family system and the confucian ideas formed in the Thou Dynasty. It means only the first son has the right to perform ancestral rites. Even now, on a big traditional holiday like lunar new year`s day, the family gets together in the first son`s house and performs ancestral rites. Second, successive rulers spreaded the confucian ancestral rites to the public to strengthen royal authority. Third, the confucian ancestral rites are decreasing these days. The following is the differences. First, the two countries have the different generation ancestral rites. China performs the three generation ancestral rites, while Korea performs the four generation ancestral rites. Second, the time of the ancestral rites are different. China performs the ancestral rites on lunar new year`s day, Hansik (the 105th day after the winter solstice), 15th July, 1st October and the day of parents` death. Korea performs the ancestral rites on lunar new year`s day, Hansik (the 105th day after the winter solstice), Dano (the fifth day of the fifth month of the year), Chuseok (August 15th in the lunar calendar) and the anniversaries of the four generation`s death. Third, the places are different. China performs the ancestral rites at a main floored room and a graveyard. Korea performs the ancestral rites at a shrine and a graveyard. Fourth, offerings are different. In China fried foods are offered while in Korea, seafoods are offered as a offering. Fifth, types are different. China has a house rite, a graveyard rite and a shrine rite, but Korea has rites held four times a year, a graveyard rite and a rite held on an anniversary of a person`s death. Sixth, the changes of confucian ancestral rites are different. China has outside simplified the process of confucian ancestral rites, but inside China still has the confucian ideas. Korea has been influenced the Christianity so, many Koreans have performed the ancestral rites as the Christian religion.
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