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Accuracy of different electronic torque drivers: A comparative evaluation
고병대,손큰바다,강석현,이규복 대한치과보철학회 2019 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.11 No.6
PURPOSE. This study aims to evaluate the loosening torque on the implant fixture, and to assess the accuracy of difference electronic torque drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Three electronic torque drivers were used to measure the loosening torque on the implant system (AnyOne; MegaGen). The implant fixtures were divided among the 3 electronic torque driver types (W&H, SAESHIN, and NSK group) and 9 for each group. The screws were fastened at the implant fixture by three electronic torque drivers using the tightening torques recommended by the manufacturers of the drivers. After 10 minutes, the screws were again fastened at the implant fixture with equal torque. Then, the loosening torques were measured with an MGT12 torque gauge (MARK-10, Inc.). This measurement procedure was repeated 10 times under loosening torques of 15 Ncm, 25 Ncm, and 35 Ncm. In the statistical analysis, all values of loosening torque were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test (α=.05) for comparative evaluation. RESULTS. There were significant inter-group differences at loosening torques of 15 Ncm and 25 Ncm (P<.05). The accuracy of the NSK driver was the highest, followed by SAESHIN and W&H. There was no significant difference between NSK and W&H at 35 Ncm (P>.05). The SAESHIN driver showed the closest loosening torque at 35 Ncm. CONCLUSION. The most accurate loosening torques were SAESHIN at 35 Ncm, and NSK at 15 Ncm and 25 Ncm. Since the loosening torque may vary depending on the tightening torques and electronic torque drivers, periodic calibration of the electronic torque driver is recommended.
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오리의 논 방사시간이 오리행동과 벼 수량에 미치는 영향
高秉大,萬田正治 韓國作物學會 2003 Korean journal of crop science Vol.48 No.6
오리농법에 있어서 오리 주간방사에 대한 유효성을 명확히 구명하고자, 오리를 주간 12시간 (07:00-19:00) 논 방사후 야간에는 간이휴식장으로 재수용하는 주간방사구와 주야 24시간 연속방사하는 종일방사구의 2 시험구로 구분하고, 논 방사시간에 따른 오리의 성장과 행동유형, 관개수의 pH 및 용존산소농도, 벼 생육과 수량성에 대하여 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 오리 방사시간에 따른 오리의 체중은 주간방사구와 종일 방사구간에 큰 차이는 없었으며, 오리 행동유형에서 논내 채식행동과 날개다듬기 행동 및 노동행동은 주간방사구에서 현저하게 증가하였다. 2.주간 12시간(07:00-19:00)동안 오리의 논내 체류시간은 두 시험구간에 거의 유사한 수준을 보였고, 주간방사구 오리의 1일 논내 총 체류시간은 종일방사구 오리의 1/3정도인 것으로 나타났다. 3. 관개수의 pH와 용존산소농도는 종일방사구보다 주간방사 구에서 다소 높은 값을 보였지만, 시험구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 4. 벼 초장은 오리방사 1개월 이후 종일방사구에서 유의적으로 길게 나타났고, 분얼수는 오리방사초기에서 종료시까지 종일방사구에서 현저한 증가를 보였다. 5. 벼 지상부의 건물중량은 출수기에 종일방사구에서 유의적인 증가를 보인 반면, 뿌리의 건물중량은 어느 생육단계에 있어서도 시험구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 6. 벼 수량성에 있어서, 영화수는 종일방사구에서 현저하게 증가한 반면, 방숙율은 주간방사구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 10a당 벼 정조수량은 시험구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 오리 방사시간은 오리성장과 관개수의 pH 및 용존산소농도 변화에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 주간방사구 오리의 논내 채식과 노동행동은 현저한 증가를 보였다. 또한 오리 방사시간에 따른 벼 초장, 분얼수, 영화수 및 등숙율의 변화를 볼 수 있었으나, 정조수량에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료되었다. 따라서, 주간 12시간 논 방사하는 오리의 주간방사는 종일방사와 거의 유사한 효과가 있음이 시사되었다. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of duck free-ranging time on the growth and behavior patterns of duck, pH and dissolved oxygen of irrigation water, and growth and yield of the rice plants in paddy fields. Two paddy fields with each 5 aye were used for 12 hours duck free-ranging plot (12HFR) and 24 hours duck free-ranging plot(24HFR). Body weight gain of the duck was not different between 12HFR and 24HFR. Eating and feather grooming behavior in the 12HFR were significantly longer than those of 24HFR, but other behavior patterns were not so. Working behavior and activities of duck in paddy fields tended to be longer in the 12HFR than in 24HFR. However, any difference was not found on staying time of duck in paddy fields. Although it was not statistically significant, pH and dissolved oxygen of irrigation water tended to be higher in the 12HFR than in 24HFR. The plant height of rice in the 12HFR was significantly shorter than that of 24HFR during the latter half period. The number of tillers per hill was significantly increased in the 24HFR than in 12HFR. The shoot dry weight of rice in the 12HFR was significantly less than in the 24HFR during the heading stage of rice plant, but the root dry weight was not different. The number of spikelets per panicle was significantly less in the 12HFR than in 24HFR, however the percentage of ripened grains was significantly higher in the 12HFR. The yield of rice was not significantly different between the treatments. In conclusion, the free-ranging time of duck for 12 hours in paddy fields promoted eating and working behavior of the ducks. Free-ranging time did give effects on rice traits such as the number of tillers per hill, plant height, shoot dry weight of the rice plant, and spikelet number and percentage of ripened grain. However, the duck growth, pH and dissolved oxygen of irrigation water, and paddy rice yield were not affected by duck free-ranging time. These results might suggest that almost same effect as in 24 hours of free-ranging can be obtained with only 12 hours of free-ranging in daytime.
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논 방사오리에 의한 중경탁수가 관개수의 pH, 용존산소농도 및 토양 이화학적 성질에 미치는 영향
고병대 韓國作物學會 2003 Korean journal of crop science Vol.48 No.3
논 방사오리에 의한 중경탁수가 관개수의 pH, 용존산소농도 및 토양의 이화학적 성질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 오리 방사논에서 벼 50포기를 완전무작위로 선발한 후, 각 1포기씩에 대해 원통형 철망을 둘러치는 방법에 의해 오리에 의한 중경탁수만 유입될 수 있도록 설치한 중경탁수구(이하, 탁수구)와 오리 무방사의 대조구로 구분하고, 관개수의 pH, 용존산소농도 및 토양의 이화학적 성질 등에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 오리 방사기간 중, 관개수의 pH는 대조구에 비해 탁수구에서 변동폭이 작고, pH7.4 전후의 높은 수준에서 추이하였다. 2. 용존산소농도는 오리 방사초기에 대조구보다 탁수구에서 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 보였으나(P<0.01), 그 이후는 두 시험구 모두 벼 생육이 진전됨에 따라 급속히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 관개수의 부유물질농도 및 탁도는 대조구보다 탁수구에서 유의적으로 높았고(P<0.01),오리 방사기간 중 큰 변화 없이 거의 일정한 수준을 나타내었다. 4. 관개수의 무기성분 함량에 있어서 P2O5 함량은 대조구에 비해 탁수구에서 유의적으로 낮았으나(P<0.05), 그 이외의 성분에서는 두 시험구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 토양의 이화학적 성질은 오리 방사기간 중 및 방사종료 후 모두 어느 성분에 있어서도 두 시험구간에 큰 차이는 없었으나, 오리 방사기간 중 보다 방사종료 후에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 오리에 의한 중경탁수는 관개수의 pH 변동폭을 줄이고, 용존산소농도 및 P2O5 함량을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 토양의 이화학적 성질에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 시사되었다, Daeyabyeo, Hwamyeongbyeo, 방eongsanbyeo, Dongjinbyeo) and two medium maturing cultivays (Donghaebyeo, Gumobyeo2). The rest cultivars were tore off by 1/10∼1/2 ELL. In yield components, the longer was flag leaf damage, the lower was ripened grain ratio, grain weight and brown/rough rice ratio, which was severly impacted to late than to ordinary season cultivation. However, rice yield did not decrease up to tearing by 1/10 ELL. Head rice ratio decreased from flag leaf tearing over 1/10 ELL in late season cultivation. The longer was flag leaf damage, the lower was eating quality, which could not show significantly different.the medium of Tang's costumes. the product category could be set up the population clearly.의 무게와 부피는 24주간 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 냉동저장 감자의 무게와 부피 변화는 48주간 전혀 없었다. 상온 냉장저장 감자의 조직의 강도(hardness)는 24주간 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 냉동저장 감자는 48주간 hardness의 변화가 전혀 없었다. Frozen mashed 감자는 저 The present study was carried out to investigate the relationships among intertillage and muddying by free-ranging ducks (Chinese native ducks) and pH, dissolved oxygen of irrigation water, and physicochemical properties of soil. Two paddy fields comprised of the muddying (muddy water without physical stimulation to a rice plant by the ducks) and the control plots (no ducks) were used for this study. As a muddying plot, 50 hills were randomly selected and each hill was fenced with a wire net in order to prevent from stimulating physically by the ducks. The variation in irrigation pH was smaller in the muddying plot than the control plot, and the pH was around 7.4. Dissolved oxygen was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the muddying plot than the control plot during the first half period after the ducks were introduced. Then it decreased rapidly as the rice plants grew in all plots. The contents of the suspended soil and turbidity in irrigation water were not changed over the free-ranging period, but ~textrmNH3~textrm-N and ~textrmP2~textrmO5 were decreased by intertillage and muddying by the ducks. There were no differences in both the soil physics and chemistry between the muddying plot and the control plot during and after finishing of the free-ranging period. These results indicate that intertillage and muddying by the ducks resulted in a small variation in stagnant water pH, and reduced the dissolved oxygen and ~textrmP2~textrmO5 , although the physiochemical properties of soil were not changed.
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오리 순치방법이 논 방사후 행동과 벼 수량에 미치는 영향
高秉大,前園由紀,萬田正治,宋榮韓 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.4
Early introducing the ducks into the paddy field involves a variety of environmental changes such as new surroundings and contact with water, so that some free-ranged ducks show behavioral and physiological changes indicative of stress or dic from not adapted for new circumstances. Moreover, th free-ranged ducks was tread on the rice plant, and required a great deal of labor and time for captured the ducks after finishing duckling on behavior patterns, body weight gain and yield of the rice plant in paddy fields. Three paddy plots were used as control (no imprinting and no contact with people), taming (imprinting and regular handling) and roughness (handling roughly and strike terror to ducks) plots. Right after introducing the ducks into the paddy field, eating and moving behaviour of taming plot ducks tended to be longer time spend than that of other treatments. However, eating and moving time tended to be longer in the control than that of other two treatments on the 2 weeks after. Flighting distance was not showed in the free-ranging period taming plot, but the control plot, but the control plot was significantly (P<0.05) longer than the and roughness plots. Body weight gains was not significant. The number of rice plants damaged by free-ranging ducks in the taming plot were significantly (P<0.05) less than that in the control plot, but the yield and yield components of the rice plant were not differ among 3 treatments. These results indicated that the imprinting or regular handling and related treatments of duckling was reducing badly damage of rice plants, captured time and labor of free-ranged ducks in paddy field, although the working behavior of ducks and yield ability of the rice plants were not affected.
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