Yield Potentials of Rice and Soybean As Affected by Cropping Systems in Mid-mountainous Paddy Soils of Korea Systems in Mid-mountainous Paddy Soils of Korea

강위금,최종서,김정주,조주식 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4

To get some informations for sustainable paddy use, the productivities of soils with two years of croppingsystems were estimated through pot experiment using two pretreated groups of not autoclaved ‘natural’- and‘autoclaved’-soils without any fertilization. And then the relationship between the productivities, called yieldpotentials, and the characteristics of soils as affected by cropping systems, such as rice-rice (R-R), ricebarley-rice-barley (R-B-R-B), rice-barley-rice-wheat (R-B-R-W), soybean-barley-soybean-barley (S-B-S-B),of which barley and wheat were composted at a level of 10 MT ha-1, and S-B-S-B without compost, wasanalyzed. These treatments were established in mid-mountainous loam paddy, which contained exchangeableCa of 11.8 cmolc kg-1, located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju of Korea. Crops for theestimation of soil productivity were rice cv. ‘Seolemi’ and soybean cv. ‘Chamol’. As a result, under thenatural soils condition, rice grain and straw were highly produced in composted S-B-S-B soils (p < 0.05) andlowly in R-R soils (p < 0.05). While soybean grain and stem were higher in R-R soils (p < 0.05) than othersoils which not significantly different each other. In case of autoclaved soils, the yield potentials of rice andsoybean were high together in either composted R-B-R-B/W or S-B-S-B soils compared to R-R anduncomposted S-B-S-B soils (p < 0.05). In especial, these yield potentials under the natural soils conditionwere commonly influenced by soil porosity showing negative correlation for rice (p < 0.01); positive forsoybean (p < 0.05). And the porosity possibly reversed even the symbiotic contribution of indigenousBradyrhizobium japonicum for soybean. Under autoclaved soils condition the potentials of rice and soybeanshowed negative correlations with soil C:N ratio (p < 0.05) similarly to the case of rice in the natural soils.

Effectiveness of Pelleting for Inoculating Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Small Seeds

강위금,강점순,최시림,김종수,박석희 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.3

The effectiveness of pelleting for inoculating small seeds with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was studied. Seeds of sesame cv. Yangbaeckkae and perilla cv. Namcheon were inoculated with Bacillus sp. KR083 and Pseudomonas sp. RRj228 with pelleting material, ‘DPA’ (contained 70% diatomite, 14% perlite, 5% appetite, 5% cow dung, 3% peat, and 3% pea) and stored at refrigerator temperature of 4°C or room temperature of 18 - 20°C for 2 to 7 weeks. While 4°C modestly improved strain survival and growth, crop by strain interaction was substantial. Strain KR083 numbers grew 10 to 13 fold on sesame in 2 to 7 weeks but declined by as much as 78% on perilla across both temperatures. In contrast, strain RRj228 numbers grew 1.7 to 11 fold on perilla but only maintained its numbers on sesame across temperatures and storage times. Strains impacted seed viability differently; while KR083 had no effect, RRj228 decreased germination rate of both sesame and perilla by as much as 20% after 2 weeks of storage of pelleted seeds at 18 - 20°C. Strain KR083 significantly improved root elongation of both crops, but only of sesame when co-inoculated with RRj228. On the other hand, KR083 had lower colonization ability than RRj228 on roots, 19 and 83 % lower on sesame and perilla, respectively. Mixed inoculum, however, significantly improved colonization of both strains on both crops. In field trials, sesame co-inoculated with KR083 and RRj228 yielded 18% higher than non-inoculated control while reducing phytophthora blight infection by 10 and 20% in silty loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Likewise, Perilla yielded 29% more leaf with mixed inoculation than the non-inoculated, diatomite-pelleted control in the same silty loam soil. Results indicate DPA pelleting as an effective method for small seeded crops when compatible PGPR strains are used as inocula.

Population, Symbiotic Effectiveness, and Protein Profile Patterns of Indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae to Korean Soils

강위금,김민태,이봉춘,이창훈,양청목 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Some symbiotic characteristics of native Korean Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were analysed toget some informations desirable for cultivation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) using its symbiont in Korea. The size of indigenous populations of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae was higher in seven upland soilsshowing 1.7✕102~5.8✕104 cells g ‧ soil-1, which appeared to be 10% and 37% higher for cultivated anduncultivated soils of hairy vetch, respectively, than seven paddy soils with 1.7✕102~1.7✕104 cells g ‧ soil-1. In symbiotic potentials, however, the yields of hairy vetch treated with 10-fold-diluted (10-1) inoculum and1000-fold-diluted (10-3) one was 11.2% and 8.8% more, respectively, in paddy than upland. Hairy vetchinoculated with either strain KHR 106 from Sacheon or strain KHR 120 from Yesan among native Korean R. leguminosarum biovar viciae isolates was of similar yield increment of 16% (p < 0.05) in upland soils withnative R. leguminosarum biovar viciae of 5.8✕10 cells g ‧ soil-1. In case of coinoculation of the two strains,however, the yields was not significantly increased. In especial, isolate KHR 106, KHR 120, and KHR 122from Suwon, which has also good symbiotic effectiveness, showed different protein profile patterns eachother. As a result, hairy vetch is possibly able to use atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationship withdiverse native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae in Korean arable lands. For safe and good production of hairy,however, the use of superior strains with high symbiotic effectiveness and competitiveness will be desirable.

벼 건답직파재배에서 피복요소 시용에 따른 암모니아 휘산

강위금,박기도,박창영,전원태,이석순,이동욱,손일수,박성태 한국토양비료학회 2005 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Ammonia volatilization is the major form of nitrogen (N) loss from flooded paddy soils and causes low N use efficiency. The effects of controlled release fertilizer (latex coated urea complex fertilizer, LCU) on reducing N loss by ammonia volatilization was measured comparing with urea in rice culture system of direct seeding on dry soil. In the treatment of urea, NH4-N concentration in surface water after flooding increased rapidly up to 8-10 mg L-1 as affected by topdressing, while in the LCU treatment NH4-N concentration in surface water was less than 1 mg L-1 during rice growing season. Relation of NH4-N concentration in surface water and ammonia volatilization was significant in urea treatment. The amount of ammonia volatilized from rice paddy of LCU treatment was 2.4-3.0 kg ha-1 and the rate of ammonia volatilization from N fertilizer applied was only 2.0-2.3% compared with 5.9-7.9% in urea treatment. Therefore, N loss by ammonia volatilization could be reduced by 72-76% with by LCU compared with urea in rice culture system of direct seeding on dry soil.

야산 목초지용 내산성 우수 질소고정균주 개발 - Ⅲ. 야산에서의 선발 R . meliloti 접종효과 -

강위금,최주현,조강진,이재생,정연태 한국토양비료학회 1989 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 Vol.1989 No.42

낙동강 물 관개논의 농업환경 특성과 질소, 인산 요구량

강위금,이재생,고지연,박창영,정기열 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.3

낙동강 물을 관개하여 벼를 재배하는 강 상류의 안동 풍산에서부터 하류의 부산 구포까지 7개 지역 논토양의 농업환경 특성을 1999년부터 2년간 비교 분석하였다. 토양의 중금속 함량은 자연함량 안팎이었으며 가장 높았던 곳은 부산 강서 지역이었고 다음으로는 고령 성산 지역이었다. 그러나 현미중의 중금속은 자연함량 이하를 보였다. 토양의 화학성은 고령 성산지역과 부산 강서지역에서 높았는데, 1999~2000년도의 영농 후 토양에서 고령은 pH (5.9~6.1), EC(0.8~0.9 dS/m), 유효인산(155~201 mg/kg), 치환성 칼슘(6.7~7.4 cmol^(+)//kg), 치환성 마그네슘(1.92~2.50 cmol^(+)/kg), 치환성 칼리(0.18~0.21 cmol^(+)//kg )가 가장 높았고 부산에서는 유기물(23.0~29.1 g/kg), 총질소(1.6~l.8 mg/kg)가 가장 높았다. 낙동강 물의 관개수질과 토양화학성을 고러한 벼의 진단시비량은 질소의 경우 110 kg/ha를 기준으로 안동 21.4%, 상주 11.85, 구미지역에서 8.8% 정도 증시할 필요가 있었으나, 고령에서는 14.9%, 창녕은 4.6%, 밀양 하남은 4.55, 부산 강서지역은 11.5% 내외로 줄일 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 인산질 비료는 45 kg/ha 기준으로 창녕 도천에서만 18.9% 줄여 주고 다른 지역에서는 기본시비량인 30 kg/ha만 시용하여도 무방할 것으로 판단되었다. 논토양에 분포하는 세균과 사상균, 방선균, 중온성 Bacillus, 형광성 Pseudomonas, Biomass C는 유기물과 총 질소, 인산 등의 양분함유량이 많았던 고령 성산과 그 하류지역에서 높았다. Agroenvironmental characteristics in paddy fields irrigated with the water of Nagdong river were analyzed along the river watershed for two years from 1999. The sites monitored from upper reaches of the river were Andong, Sangju, Gumi, Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan. In paddy soils, the contents of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and As were around natural values showing the highest values in Pusan followed by Goryeong. In brown rice, the contents of heavy metals were lower than natural values. Soil chemical properties appeared higher values in the lower reaches including Goryeong than the upper ones. The highest parameters in Goryeong were pH (5.9~6.1), EC (0.8~0.9 dS/m), Av.P₂O_(5) (155~201 mg/kg), exchangeable Ca (6.7~7.4 cmol^(+)/kg), Mg (1.92~2.50 cmol^(+)/kg), K (0.18~0.21 cmol^(+)/kg) and those in Pusan were organic matter (23.0~29.1 g/kg) and T-N (1.6~1.8 mg/kg). In conclusion, the recommended rates of N fertilizer for rice cropping were 21.4%, 11.8% and 8.8% high for Andong, Sangju and Gumi, respectively and 14.9%, 4.6%, 4.5% and 11.5% low for Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan, respectively reflecting the chemical properties of soils and the quality of irrigation water on the basis of 110 kgN/ha. In the case of phosphorous, the rates were 18.9% and 33.3% low for Changnyeong and others, respectively on the basis of 45 kgP₂O_(5)/ha. The populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Bacillus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Biomass C were high at the lower reaches including Goryeong, which showed relatively much nutrient contents of organic matter, total N and phosphorous etc..

남부지방 농경지 Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 질소고정잠재능

강위금,Kang, Ui-Gum 한국응용생명화학회 1998 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.33 No.2

콩 재배시 근류균의 합리적 이용을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 남부지방의 평야지 밭토양과 논토양, 산간지 밭토양에 분포한 토착 Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 질소고정 잠재능을 상호 비교, 분석하였다. 토착 B. japonicum의 밀도는 산간 밭토양에서 $5.7{\times}10^4\;cells/g.soil$ 로 가장 높았고, 다음으로는 평야지 밭$(5.0{\times}10^4\;cells/g.soil)$, 평야지 논토양$(4.0{\times}10^3\;cells/g.soil)$ 순이었다. 콩 개화기의 지상부 건물생산력과 수확기의 종실수량은 서로간에 고도의 상관관계$(P{\leqq}0.001)$를 보이면서 두 성분 모두 평야지 밭 >산간지 밭 > 평야지 논토양 순으로 높았는데, 평야지 밭토양 중에서는 남해토양과 선산토양이 건물생산면에서, 김해토양은 종실수량면에서 각각 우수하였다. 콩 개화기에 조사된 근류수와 근류무게의 물질생산 기여도는 지상부 건물중의 경우 근류수$(r=0.383^*)$ 보다 근류무게가$(r=0.439^*)$ 더 높은 값을 보였으나 종실수량에서는 근류무게$(r=0.449^{**})$ 보다 근류수가$(r=0.505^{**})$ 더 높은 값을 나타내었다. 근류무게당 지상부 건물중과 종실수량 성적은 평균적으로 단원콩에서 보다 남해콩에서 각각 1.7배와 1.4배 높은 변이계수를 보였다. To obtain the basic information for suitable use of soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis, on soybean cv. Danweonkong and Namhaekong the symbiotic potential of B. japonicum indigenous to plain upland (PU), plain paddy(PP), and mountainous upland(MU) soils in southern part of Korea were surveyed and discussed. Populations of B. japonicum in soils were the highest in MU soils with $5.7{\times}10^4\;cells/g.soil$ followed by PU with $5.0{\times}10^4$ and PP soils with $4.0{\times}10^3\;cells/g.soil$. Shoot dry weight at flowering stage and grain yields at harvesting stage, which mutually showed an high correlation $(P{\leqq}0.001)$, were high in the order of PU > MU > PP soil inocula. Amongst PU soils, Namhae acid Seonsan soils were prominent inocula for shoot dry weight and Kimhae for grain yields at P 0.05, respectively. In cases of nodule number and nodule mass surveyed at the flowering stage, shoot dry weight gave an higher correlation with the latter $(r=0.439^*)$ than the former $(r=0.383^*);$ grain yields with the former $(r=0.505^{**})$ that flue latter $(r=0.449^{**})$. In comparison with Namhaekong showed 1.7 and 1.4 fold higher values in shoot dry weight and grain yields per nodule mass, respectively.

벼과작물에서의 공생적 질소고정 연구

강위금 한국국제농업개발학회 1998 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.10 No.4

벼과작물의 공중질소이용량을 획기적으로 증대시키기 위한 방법으로 콩과식물이 갖는 공생적 질소고정계를 벼과작물에 도입하려는 연구가 시도되고 있기에 이에 대한 최근의 연구동향을 살펴보았다. 벼과작물뿌리에서 근류를 형성시키는 방법으로는 질소고정균과 함께 2,4-D 혹은 세포벽 가수분해효소를 처리하는 방법과 뿌리침입력이 있는 근류균만을 사용하는 방법이 시도되었다. 앞의 2,4-D 처리법은 접종균주의 질소고정력 발현과 근류의 구조적 특징면에서 세포벽 가수분해효소 Cellulase-pectolyase 처리법 보다 더 유용한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편, 근류균 접종만으로 근류를 형성시킬 경우 벼과작물의 뿌리침입이 잘되는 야생균주를 산소내성을 갖도록 개량하여 사용하는 것이 질소고정화효소의 발현에 효과적이었다. 그리고, 벼과작물 뿌리에서 산소내성을 갖는 근류균은 2,4-D가 처리되므로써 질소고정력의 향상을 보였다. 그러나 자연조건의 벼과작물뿌리에서 질소고정균주 단독으로 콩과식물 근류수준으로 공중질소를 고정할 수 있게 하려면 벼과작물과의 공생적 친화성이 뛰어난 새로운 야생군주와 벼과작물간의 공생관계 장애요인 개선연구가 뒷받침되어야 할 것으로 믿어졌다. Recently, in order to highly increase the potential benefit from N2 fixation on agriculture, there were several approaches to introduce a symbiotic system between legumes and rhizobia into presently no-nodulated graminaceous crops such as rice, wheat etc., So far, the efforts to establish a new symbiotic system have been attempted in the ways to utilize chemicals with diazotrophs, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) and hydrolytic cellulase-pectolyase enzymes, and to rhizobia alone invading into the roots of graminaceous crops. In the former, 2,4-D induced para-nodules were more attractive than the hydrolytic enzymes induced lateral root nodules in terms of their N2-fixing ability and nodular structure. And the spontaneously invasive rhizobia showed nitrogenase activities when the strains were genetically improved to get an oxygen tolerance in the roots of host plants without haemoglobin. Especially, N2ase activities of the oxygen tolerant rhizobia with a naturally invasive ability appeared to be largely enhanced by the treatment with 2,4-D. However, an effective symbiotic system for graminaceous crops can not be possibly exploited in the field condition until the barrier factors presently known in the expecting symbiotic interaction between the crops and new N₂-fixing bacteria with a strongly invading ability are solved.

토양환경 , 미생물 : 우리나라 주요기후대별 토착 근류균 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 의 장려콩 ( Glycin max . L . ) 친화성과 혈청학적 분포특성

강위금,하호성,정연태,박경배 한국토양비료학회 1995 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 Vol.1995 No.54

논토양에서 질소비종 및 벼 재배양식이 메탄가스 발생에 미치는 영향

강위금,강항원,고지연,박향미,임동규,박경배 한국환경농학회 1998 한국환경농학회지 Vol.17 No.3

논토양에서 질소비종 및 재배양식에 따른 메탄배출양상과 질소비종이 담수토양의 pH와 Eh에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 중묘이앙재배에서 질소비종에 따른 메탄배출총량은 요소 32.9gm^(-2)$gt;유안 30.3$gt;완효성비료 26.4gm^(-2)의 순이었으며, 건답직파재배에서는 요소 24.7gm^(-2)$gt;유안 16.7gm^(-2)$gt;안효성비료 22.8gm^(-2)의 순이었다. 2. 질소비종에 따른 메탄배출량은 요소시비구보다 유안은 18.4%, 안효성비료는 15.9% 저감되었다. 3. 재배양식별로는 건답직파재배는 중묘이앙재배보다 29.7%의 메탄발생량이 저감되었다. 4. 질소비종에 따른 담수토양의 pH는 요소$gt;완효성비료≒무비$gt;유안의 순으로 높았는데 이는 질소비종별 메탄배출량의 순서와 일치하였다. 토양 Eh는 유안$gt;완효성비료$gt;무비$gt;요 소의 순으로 높아 pH 및 메탄배출량과 반대경향이었으며, 토양용액내 SO₄농도는 유안$gt;완효성비료$gt;요소$gt;무비의 순으로 높았다. To mitigate the methane emission from rice paddy fields, effects of nitrogen fertilizers source and cultural patterns were evaluated on silty loam soils. And a pot experiment was carried out to find out the effects of nitrogen fertilizers on soil pH, Eh, sulfate concentration of soil water in flooded soil. In transplanting cultivation, the total methane emission depending on fertilizers was 32.9gm^(-2) for urea ; 30.3gm^(-2) for ammonium sulfate ; 26.4gm^(-2) for coated urea. Methane emitted in direct seeding on dry soil was 24.7gm^(-2) for urea ; 16.7gm^(-2) for ammonium sulfate : and 22.8gm^(-2) for coated urea. Thus, the methane emission rate of direct seeding on dry soil was 29.7% lower than transplanting. According to the nitrogen fertilizers, the methane emission rate by ammonium sulfate and coated urea were reduced 18.4 and 15.9% in comparison with urea, respectively. In pot experiments, pH in flooded soils depending on nitrogen fertilizers dereased in order of urea$gt;coated urea≒no fertilizer$gt;ammonium sulfate and the order was coincided with that of total CH₄emission from flooded soil. Soil Eh was highest in ammonium sulfate application followed by coated urea, no fertilizer, urea. And sulfate concentrations of soil water were in order of ammonium sulfate$gt;coated urea$gt;urea$gt;no fertilizer.