스탈린은 왜 한국전쟁을 '허락'했는가? : 새로운 시각

金正培(Kim Jung-Bae) 역사학회 2005 역사학보 Vol.0 No.188

The Origins of the Korean War, especially their role of and interrelations among Stalin, Mao Zedong, Kim Ill-Sung has been attracted by many researchers. Because, above all, it is important to understand the characters and historic implications of the Cold War as well as the Korean War. Generally, a great of scholars have accepted that Stalin's desire for world revolution and the Soviet Union's traditional expansionism ignited the beginning of the Korean War. And, it has become a natural conclusion that Stalin's aim in Korean War was the exclusive control of Korea as a whole. In fact, they have evidenced by a lots new historical materials after the death of the Old Socialist Camp. The established scholarships have many merits, but also the false to strain the reality. The aim of this present study is to examine why stalin approved Kim Ill-Sung's appeal to reunify Korean peninsular by military means. To effectively reach that aim, it is preconditioned that the dialectics of centripetal and centrifugal power was the operating mechanism of the Cold War, the letter was prevailing. In other words, The US and the USSR hope to get control of the Inside, not expand forward the Outside of their sphere of power. This theory is applied to Stalin's Green Signal to the Korean War. The following is the results of this study. Firstly, at the end of 1949 the success of Chines Revolution and beginning of 1950 the conclusion of Sino-Soviet Alliance gave a burden to Stalin, not him some confidence about Asian Revolution. With the rise of new China, the international political Status of Stalin and the USSR was increasingly to challenged. Stalin and the USSR have a new threat, Stalin will never accept it. Secondly, the North Korean Leader, Kim Ill-Sung insisted steadfastly the reunification of two Korea. For Stalin, Kim' suggestion was a kind of pressure. As a revolutionary and revolutional world leadership, Stalin had no choice but to approve Kim's appeal to a revolutional war, fearing a American response. Thirdly, though reluctantly, Stalin decided the North Korean invasion of South. Stalin's logics and conditions of Korean War were, first of all, the US will intervene Korean peninsular situation. Stalin hope to make China directly fight with the US. That was a device to weak China and draw to its dependence on the USSR. The anticipated Kim Ill-Sung' failure to achieve an unification will justify Stalin's assessing the US intervention and is able to pass Mao and Kim the responsibility for miscalculation of it. Fourthly, Stalin had not the intention and capability to fight the US, and desire to notify the US his real thoughts to not challenge the super-great power. Therefore, Stalin's seemingly dual attitudes was the presentation of his prudently calculated strategy, not his opportunity. To sum it up, Stalin hope to make China directly fight with th US. It was a device to weak China and draw to its dependence on the USSR. And, Stalin will justify his rightness of assessing the US intervention and pass Mao and Kim the responsibility for miscalculation of it. finally, Stalin hope to notify the US his not intent to fight with it. Therefore, Stalin's choice of the Korean War was a strategic politics considered a changed situation of Asia and the mechanism of the Cold War, not to get control of Korea as a whole.

퇴적물 성상 변화에 따른 섬진강 하구 거머리말의 생장 특성

김정배,박정임,이원찬,이근섭,kim, Jeong Bae,Park, Jung-Im,Lee, Won-Chan,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국해양학회 2015 바다 Vol.20 No.1

퇴적물 성상 변화에 따른 섬진강 하구 거머리말의 생장특성을 알아보기 위해 섬진강 하구 조간대 하부에서 수온, 수중 광량, 퇴적물 입도, 유기물, 노출시간 및 영양염 농도의 환경요인과 함께 거머리말의 밀도, 생물량, 형태적 특성과 성장을 2004년과 2009년의 5월부터 12월까지 월별 조사하였다. 수온은 2004년 및 2009년 모두 계절적인 경향을 보였고, 2009년이 유의하게 낮았다. 수중 광량은 2004년 및 2009년 모두 5월 이후 감소하다가 9월 이후 증가 하였고, 2009년이 유의하게 높았다. 노출은 두 해 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 표층 퇴적물의 입도 조성은 2004년 니사질에서 퇴적물 성상 변화에 의하여 2009년에는 사질로 변형되어 퇴적물 성상이 상대적으로 조립하였고, 퇴적물의 유기물 농도도 낮았다. 해수의 $NH_4{^+}$ 농도는 2004년이 유의하게 높았고, 퇴적물 공극수의 $NO_3{^-}+NO_2{^-}$ 농도는 2009년이 유의하게 높았으나 그 외 영양염 농도는 년도 별 유의한 차이가 발생하지 않았다. 거머리말의 개체 키, 잎 폭 등 형태적인 특성은 2004년 보다 2009년에 유의하게 낮았다. 두 해 모두 거머리말의 키, 잎 길이 및 엽초 길이는 초여름에 증가하고, 가을에 감소하는 계절적인 경향을 보였다. 단위면적당 서식밀도는 연도 별 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 생물량은 2004년 보다 2009년에 유의하게 적었다. 평균 개체당 잎 생산량은 연도 별 유의한 차이는 없었으나, leaf turnover time은 2009년이 2004년 보다 유의하게 짧았다. 즉, 퇴적물의 성상 변화가 2009년의 거머리말은 개체의 크기와 turnover time을 감소시킨 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 거머리말 서식지의 물리적인 퇴적물의 성상 변화는 섬진강 하구 조간대에 서식하는 잘피의 생장을 제한하는 요소가 될 수 있을 것이다. The growth and population dynamics of eelgrass (Zostera marina) due to changes in sediment composition were examined in the lower intertidal zone of the Seomjin Estuary, Korea. We surveyed environmental factors such as water temperature, underwater irradiance, main types and organic content of sediment, tidal exposure, and nutrient concentrations in the water column and sediment pore water, in relation to the shoot density, biomass, morphological characteristics, and growth of Z. marina inhabiting lower intertidal zones. The survey was conducted monthly from May to December of 2004 and 2009. The water temperature showed obvious seasonal trends in both study years. Underwater irradiance was significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Tidal exposure was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009. The sediment was muddy-sand in 2004 but became sandy and with a significantly lower organic content in 2009. Water column $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2004 than in 2009. Sediment pore water $NO_3{^-}+NO_2{^-}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Other nutrient concentrations did not differ significantly between 2004 and 2009. Morphological characteristics, including eelgrass length and leaf width were significantly lower in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass shoot height, leaf length, and sheath length showed typical seasonal patterns, increasing in early summer and decreasing in autumn, in both years. Vegetative shoot density was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009, while the biomass of individual plant parts and the total biomass were significantly lower in 2009. Eelgrass leaf productivity did not differ between years, but leaf turnover time was significantly shorter in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass downsizing and decreased turnover time in 2009 compared to 2004 indicate more effective adaptations to the stress of long-term changes in sediment composition. Overall, results suggest that changes in sediment composition can be a limiting factor for seagrass growth in the intertidal zone.

가막만 빈산소 수괴 소멸기의 물리화학적 특성

김정배,박정임,정춘구,최우정,이원찬,이용화,Kim, Jeong-Bae,Park, Jung-Im,Jung, Choon-Goo,Choi, Woo-Jeung,Lee, Won-Chan,Lee, Yong-Hwa 해양환경안전학회 2010 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.16 No.3

빈산소 수괴는 전세계적으로 얕은 연안의 바다에서 생태적으로 위협적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 한반도 남해동부연안의 가막만에서도 2007년 6월 말에 빈산소 현상이 나타났으며, 빈산소 수괴 소멸기의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 빈산소 수괴는 선소 인접지역에서 북서부 내만역의 연안을 따라 형성되어 있었다. 표층수와 저층수의 용존산소 농도는 빈산소 수괴에서 $1.3mgL^{-1}$와 $2mgL^{-1}$ 이하, 그 외 지역은 각각 $4.5{\sim}6.8mgL^{-1}$와 $3.8{\sim}6.0mgL^{-1}$로 양호한 농도를 보였다. 빈산소 지역의 클로로필 a 농도는 표층 $4.9{\sim}25.3{\mu}gL^{-1}$, 중층이 $2.3{\sim}23.1{\mu}gL^{-1}$, 저층은 $1.9{\sim}9.0{\mu}gL^{-1}$ 범위였다. 가막만 빈산소 수괴의 발생은 3가지 수직적 형태로 나타났다. 첫 번째는 선소 주변에서 빈산소 수괴가 전 수심 층에서 발생되면서 어 패류의 폐사가 일어났다. 두 번째는 일반적인 빈산소 수괴 발생 형태인 저층에서부터 빈산소가 발생되어 있는 상태였다. 세 번째는 수온 역전 현상이 일어나면서 중층에서만 빈산소 수괴가 발생하였고 저층에는 빈산소 수괴가 발생하지 않았는데, 이러한 현상은 조사정점 9, 14 및 21의 호도마을 인접지역 연안에서만 발생하였다. 빈산소 수역에서는 해저면에 주로 서식하는 문절망둑 무리들이 수면위로 올라와 산소 결핍에 따른 입 올림을 하였으며 게류 및 고둥류 등이 갯가로 올라오는 등 이상행동을 하는 것이 관찰되었다. 폐사된 생물들은 주로 문절망둑으로서 3천 마리 정도였고, 게 및 고둥류 일부가 폐사하였다. Hypoxic(oxygen-deficient) water masses are a key threat to the ecosystem of shallow marine coastal areas worldwide. The phenomena of hypoxia occurred at Gamak Bay, on the southeast coast of Korea, in late June 2007. In this paper, the physicochemical characteristics of seawater were surveyed for a period of hypoxic water mass disappearance. The hypoxic water mass was located between Sunso and the northwestern area of the inner bay. The dissolved oxygen(DO) concentrations of surface and bottom water were $1.3mgL^{-1}$ and less than $2mgL^{-1}$, respectively, in the hypoxic water masses, and $4.5{\sim}6.8mgL^{-1}$ and $3.8{\sim}6.0mgL^{-1}$ at the other oxygen-rich sample sites, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations were $4.9{\sim}25.3{\mu}gL^{-1}$ at the surface, $2.3{\sim}23.1{\mu}gL^{-1}$ in the middle, and $1.9{\sim}9.0{\mu}gL^{-1}$ at the bottom of the hypoxic water masses. When the hypoxic water mass appeared in Gamak Bay, it formed three different vertical types. The first type occurred throughout the water depth around Sunso. The second type developed from the bottom. The third type of hypoxic water mass was formed in the middle water layer when the inversion of water temperature occurred. The third type of phenomena appeared at only St. 9, St. 14 and St. 21 sites near the Hodo coast. Aquatic surface respiration of bottom-dwelling fishes such as the oriental goby(Acanthogobius flavimanus) was observed and many crustaceans were seen along the adjacent shore of the hypoxic water mass area. About 3,000 oriental gobies as well as many crustaceans died due to this event in Gamak Bay. The results of this study could provide fundamental data for the mechanism of hypoxic water masses in Gamak Bay.

한국의 옹관해석에 대한 일소고

김정배,Kim Jung Bae 한국대학박물관협회 1969 고문화 Vol.5 No.-

안정동위원소를 이용한 서해연안 실뱀장어의 먹이 습성

김정배,이원찬,김대중,성기백,최희구,최우정,황학빈,홍석진,김형철,박성은,심정희,강창근,Kim, Jeong Bae,Lee, Won-Chan,Kim, Dae-Jung,Seong, Ki Baik,Choi, Hee-Gu,Choi, Woo-Jeung,Hwang, Hak Bin,Hong, Sokjin,Kim, Hyung Chul,Park, Sung-Eun,Shim, 한국해양학회 2013 바다 Vol.18 No.4

실뱀장어는 산란장인 마리아나해구에서 산란 및 부화과정을 거쳐, 뱀장어 자어인 렙토세팔루스 단계에서 북적도 해류와 쿠로시오 해류를 따라 회유하면서 변태과정을 거치게 된다. 변태된 실뱀장어는 동중국해를 지나 우리나라 연안으로 올라오는데 실뱀장어의 먹이원에 대해서는 알려진 바가 없었다. 실뱀장어 먹이원은 안정동위원소 비값을 측정하여 수서 생태계에 존재하는 먹이망에 의한 단계별 증가율을 해석함으로써 가능하다. 2012년 4월에 채집된 자연산 실뱀장어의 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소를 측정하여 먹이원을 밝히기 위하여 실뱀장어 ${\delta}^{13}C$과 ${\delta}^{15}N$를 분석하고 서해안 및 동중국해 북부해역의 가용 가능한 입자유기물질에 대한 값들을 분석, 비교하였다. 우리나라 서해안에서 채집된 실뱀장어의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-20.7{\pm}0.1$‰, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $5.0{\pm}0.2$‰로 나타났다. 실뱀장어의 가용 먹이원으로 추정되는 입자유기물질 중 서해안의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-24.0{\pm}0.3$‰이고, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $2.8{\pm}0.4$‰이었고, 동중국해 북부해역의 ${\delta}^{13}C$값은 $-24.5{\pm}0.5$‰이고, ${\delta}^{15}N$값은 $0.8{\pm}0.3$‰이었다. 일반적으로 알려진 영양단계에 따른 동위원소 분별 비값 증가율을 고려할 때, 본 연구에서 나타난 서해안과 동중국해의 POM과 서해안에서 채집된 실뱀장어의 ${\delta}^{13}C$과 ${\delta}^{15}N$값의 차이는 서해안과 동중국해의 입자유기물질이 자연산 실뱀장어의 먹이원으로써 이용되지 않았다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 우리나라 연안에서 채집되는 실뱀장어는 뱀장어 자어인 렙토세팔루스에서 변태과정을 거친 이후에는 먹이를 섭이하지 않고 회유하는 것으로 나타났다. Glass eels (Anguilla japonica) are caught in the west coast of Korea on their migratory route from the breeding grounds in the Mariana Trench along the North Equatorial Current and the Kuroshio Current. To identify the food source of natural glass eels, we analyzed the stable C and N isotopes of glass eels caught in April 2012 and investigated possible food sources in the survey area. In particular, with respect to the stable C and N isotopes of particulate organic matter, we extended the surveying area to the northern parts of East China Sea as well as the west coast of Korea. The stable C and N isotope ratios of the glass eels caught in the west coast were found to be $-20.7{\pm}0.1$‰ and $5.0{\pm}0.2$‰, respectively. The stable C and N isotope ratios of the particulate organic matter in the west coast of Korea, in which the glass eels are assumed to eat the particulate organic matter as food source, were estimated to be $-24.0{\pm}0.3$‰ and $2.8{\pm}0.4$‰, respectively. Similar data were obtained from the northern part of the East China Sea, $-24.5{\pm}0.5$‰ and $0.8{\pm}0.3$‰. The stable isotope ratios showed values differing from the stepwise increasing rates up the food web in natural aquatic ecosystem, showing that particulate organic matter in the west coast of Korea and East China Sea was not served as the glass eels food source. This result suggested that the glass eels caught in the west coast might not assimilate nutrition from the marine environment during long migration.

섬진강 하구의 조간대와 조하대에 자생하는 거머리말 (Zostera marina)의 탄소와 질소 성분의 계절변화

김정배 ( Jeong Bae Kim ),박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),이원찬 ( Won Chan Lee ),이근섭 ( Kun Seop Lee ) 한국수산과학회 2012 한국수산과학회지 Vol.45 No.1

To study the difference in growth characteristics between intertidal and subtidal eelgrass Zostera marina populations, environmental factors and changes in tissue carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in eelgrass from the lower intertidal and upper subtidal zones were surveyed monthly in the Seomjin Estuary from May 2003 to December 2004. Water temperatures, water column nutrient concentrations, sediment pore water, and ammonium and phosphate concentrations showed no significant differences between intertidal and subtidal zones. Sediment pore water nitrate+nitrite concentrations were slightly higher in the intertidal zone than in the subtidal zone. Average monthly exposure times in the intertidal and subtidal zones were 42.4±5.8 h month-1 and 15.3±3.5 h month-1, respectively. Eelgrass leaf N content decreased from March to August and increased from September to February in the subtidal zone, whereas these trends were not observed in the intertidal zone. Eelgrass rhizome C content increased from April to September and decreased from October to March in the subtidal zone, whereas those tendencies were not recorded in the intertidal zone. Eelgrass rhizome C:N ratios showed a strong reverse trend to leaf C:N ratios in the subtidal zone, but these tendencies were not observed in the intertidal zone. The effects of exposure appeared to cause no seasonal trend in eelgrass tissue C and N content or C:N ratios in the intertidal zone in the Seomjin Estuary.

냉전은 도대체 무엇이었는가?: 새로운 접근이 필요한 이유

김정배 ( Jung Bae Kim ) 한국정치평론학회 2010 정치와 평론 Vol.6 No.-

진국의 (辰國) 정치발전 단계

김정배 ( Jung Bae Kim ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 1983 領土 問題 硏究 Vol.1 No.-

韓國 靑銅遺物의 金屬學的 分析

金貞培(Kim Jung-Bae) 한국사연구회 1996 한국사연구 Vol.94 No.-

베트남전쟁과 미국, 그리고 냉전체제

김정배(Kim, Jung-Bae) 부산경남사학회 2011 역사와 경계 Vol.80 No.-

베트남전쟁은 20세기 후반 제국주의와 식민지민족주의, 전통적 지역헤게모니, 그리고 냉전의 "속성"이 잘 반영된 전쟁이었다. 미국은 중국과 마찬가지로 국내외 사정으로 통제 가능한 범위의 전쟁을 필요로 했다. 그러나 미국의 주요 동맹은 미국의 냉전 논리와 확전에 반대했고, 소련은 중국의 노선에 맞섰으며, 미국과 소련은 서로 협조했다. 북베트남은 중국과 소련의 지원을 받았지만 그로 인해 주권이 침해되는 것을 경계했다. 그래서 베트남전쟁에서 자본주의진영은 사실상 존재 의미가 없었으며 미국의 실제 적은 중국도 소련도 아닌 베트민과 북베트남이었다. 존슨과 그의 측근은 이러한 사실을 정확히 파악하고 있었다. 그런데도 존슨과 미국은 확전을 감행했다. 정치적으로나 전략적으로 패배를 받아들일 수 없다는 판단에서였다. 존슨은 미국의 확전을 도미노이론으로 정당화했다. 그러나 그것은 말 그대로 냉전적 수사였다. 베트남전쟁에서 드러난 이러한 모순은 ‘통념’으로는 설명되기 어렵다. 따라서 냉전체제 인식에 대한 근본적인 성찰이 필요해 보인다. The Vietnam War had wholly involved local, regional, and global contradictions in the 1960s -regional Hegemony, Imperialism, Colonial Nationalism, and the ‘implications’ of the Cold War. The US and Communist China attempted to conduct the War which could resolve complex matters in their domestic and foreign policies. Both Nations saw each other through a mirror-image respectively. They, therefore, could control of the reach and means of the War. The US policy-makers assessed very rightly the relations of the Moscow-Beijing-Hanoi in Indochina conflict -The USSR and China remained disputing and the North Vietnam was fearful for perceived infringement of their sovereignty by two nations. Washington was as concerned about the independent attitudes of the allies. Surprisingly, the allies disagreed to the Americanization of the Vietnam War and sought for political settlement as the USSR prefer to. Additionally, many Leading Democrats criticized steadily against Johnson’s escalation. Nevertheless, John decided to plunge into the Vietnam swamp and justified it with the domino theory. For Johnson, it was imperative to avoid political defeat in domestic and foreign policies. But Johnson’s rhetoric was literally only rhetoric, not reality. These are exceptionally ‘non-Cold War’ phenomenons. The conventional wisdom of the Cold War, therefore, may need to be revisited.