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차상호 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2007 東南亞硏究 Vol.16 No.2
The Portugal was the first western nation who reached Ayutthaya, which was also called Siam by people from western countries. In 1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque, the second Portuguese viceroy, came in to the Straits of Malacca with eighteen ships and took over Malacca. After occupying this region, Albuquerque approached King Ramatibodi II to facilitate the relation between Portugal and Ayutthaya and avoid troubles when they trade with Thais. In the same year, Albuquerque sent off Duarte Fernandez to Ayutthaya with a report that explained the capture of Malacca. The first Portuguese envoy received a warm welcome from the Thai Court, and the negotiation was also successful. In 1516, Duarte de Coelho, the third envoy in kingdom of Ayutthaya, arrived at Ayutthaya with a number of gifts from King Manuel of Portugal. A treaty of friendship and commerce between Ayutthaya and Portugal was made, which allowed the Portuguese traders to reside in Ayutthaya and establish their firms. They were also granted permission to practice their religion. It is interesting that they could enjoyed religious freedom as well as they could reach the agreement without any difficulties. In return, Portugal agreed to supply cannons, rifles, and bullets to the Thai army. The number of Portuguese at Auytthaya increased rapidly to three hundreds. They transacted with merchants from Arabia, Persia, and other lands. In 1538, one hundred twenty Portuguese mercenaries were assigned to King Chai Raja's grenadiers and were honored to accompany the Thai army in the first Burmese-Thai war in 1556. Besides, Jesuit missionaries were permitted to establish their church for the first time at Ayutthaya in 1606 during the reign of King Eka Thosaros. Friendship between the Thais and the Portuguese continued for many years till 1624, when the Dutch arrived at Ayutthaya and were welcomed by the Thais. Free competition over commerce between the two western nations was offered, which finally led to the Portuguese-Dutch war of 1628. The Portugal was defeated in this war, and it began to lose their powers by 1641. While Portugal's power already started being weakened in Ayutthaya, Netherlands rapidly replaced Portugal with a monopoly on commerce in Ayutthaya. However, King Narai soon realized the substantial threats from Netherlands and attempted to enhance the relationship with Portugal again for the sake of the balance of power, in order to suppress the power of the Netherlands that have political interest in Ayutthaya.
19세기중엽 조선과 싸얌(Siam)의 대외개방정책과 그 영향
차상호 한국외국어대학교 동남아연구소 2009 東南亞硏究 Vol.19 No.1
The purpose of this study is to compare modernization of Chosun(1392-1910) and Siam(1782- )to understand the differences of foreign policies of the two countries in facing the threats from the Western countries. In particular, this study seeks to answer the question, “Despite the similar structural conditions in which Chosun and Siam were situated, how could Siam maintain its political independence, while Chosun became colonized by Japan?” To answer this question, this study analytically compares the conditions under which the two countries opened the door to the Western countries and Japan, and how the two countries coped with coercive relations with the invasions of the Western countries and Japan. By examining these conditions, this study aims to offer implications for how different diplomatic policies result in different consequences for the sovereignty of Chosun and Siam. The main findings are as follows: As the power relation has shifted in East Asia, from China to other Western nations and Japan, Chosun in the mid-19th century was experiencing the rapidly changing world order. Similarly, Siam also was facing the national crisis, as the Western countries like England and France invaded this region. England and France competed on the South East Asia region for both political and economic resources. The purpose of this research is to examine the diplomatic policies of Chosun and Siam in the mid-19th century to analytically compare the ways in which Chosun and Siam dealt with the invasion of Western nations, which result in different consequences on sovereignty in each country. The treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Siam and Great Britain (the Bowring Treaty), which was made between Sir John Bowring and King Mongkut, was an unequal treaty that granted economic privileges and extraterritoriality to Great Britain. After this treaty was made, Siam lost its legal and economic sovereignty, but flexible diplomatic policies of King Mongkut made it possible to maintain its political independence of Siam from the Western nations. Conversely, Chosun resisted opening the door until it was forced by military force of Japan and the Western nations. Because of a lack of understanding in the state of international relations, Chosun was under-prepared for the invasion of these countries and failed to strategically use the competing relations among western nations and Japan like Siam did. Even though King Kojong had an opportunity to modernize Chosun, he continued to kept the door closed and relied on a diplomatic policy that selectively depends on one country, which in turn resulted in losing its sovereignty. Although Chosun and Thailand were both facing the crisis of losing its sovereignty under the condition of threatening international environment, Thailand could avoid its colonization by using practical and flexible diplomatic policies, while Chosun ended up losing its sovereign, which is partly due to its lack of leadership and ability to understand international relations realistically and make strategic policies.