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倭館을 接觸点으로 한 韓日外交 文涉史 硏究 : 1868年 日本 明治維新부터 1875年 雲揚艦의 江華侵攻 直前까지
蔡中默 全北大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.16 No.-
The relationship between Korea and Japan had been made through Tsushima before the Meiji Restoration, but after the Meiji Restoration, Japaness Government sent a official message to Korean Government via Mr. Mune, the Lord of Tsushima, regarding the dispatch of envoy to Korea in order to inform the Meiji Restoration. The Korean Government, however, refused this offer of relationship due to the usage of unfamiliar diplomatic document and official title. Mostly, the message used the words "Hwang" (皇) meaning "imperial" and "jwa-keun-uee-so-jang"(左近衛少將)meaning "the general who, served to guard the emperor, and "Pyong-jo-shin" or a "high official",and other similar words and phrases in the documents. All the terms could only be used in referring to the Chinese emperor who was regarded as the highest ranking among all the rest of the Kingdom. These words used by the Japanese authority were unacceptable by the Korean Government, because such words and phrases like "the imperial envoy" of Japan made Japan seem superior to Korea, they thought. Since these words were used only in reference to the Chiness emperor by the Korean Government, they could not accept the documents by the Japanese officials. On May, 1868, Mr. Mune dispatched his vassal Osima to Korea to investigate Korean situation. According to the report of Osima the custom of Korea is very cunning that Japan must take special methods of using both soft and firm policies. On February, 1870, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japanese Government dispatched Mr. Sada and Moriyama, Ministry officials to Korean situation as Tsushima residents. These Japanese officials received a notice of rejection from Mr. An Dong-jun, government interpreter, then they returned to Japan. Upon returning to Japan, they suggested to Japanese Government that the solution of this problem in establishing relationship with Korea is only possible by the use of military forces rather than by negotiation and discussion. On May, 1870, Mr. Mune dispatched Mr. Urase to Korea again for discussion of the matter of exchanging envoys. At this time Mr. Von Brandt, German acting Minister in Japan visited Pusan by warship, Korean Government found out five Japanese on board. And this created suspicion of Korea Government toward Japan. As the result of this incidence the meeting was not successful. Korean Government indicate her willingness to enter into negotiation with Japan provided Japanese Government would remove certain unbecoming phrases in its communication to the imperial majesty of Korea. On September, 1870, the Japanese officials of the Foreign Affairs department, Yoshioka, personally delivered the documents to the Local officials in Dongrae and Pusan, but Korean Government rejected any contact with Japanese on the grounds tha it did not follow earlier precedences and that such contacts did not come through people of Tsushima Island, then Yoshioka remained in the Waegwan a year and a half without any reply from Korean Government. On March of the same year there was another communications from the Government of Tsushima, to officials of Dongrae and Pusan requesting to meet with members of Japanese Foreign Ministry. But the request was denied on the ground that it was unprecedent to say the list. On July, 1871, Japan dissolved the feudal system and established the prefecture, the Lord of Tsushima became an important figure in the Japanese foreign office as Gaimu Taishio (外務大丞), since he was the one to deal with Korea, and relation with Korea was an important factor in new government of Japan. In order to inform the change of administration Moriyama, Hirots came to Korea on January of 1872 and submitted the official document to Korean Government. Korean local officials delivered the copy to the contral government and they said that the Korean Government would answer after they heard the public opinion and that they could not set the time. Then Japanese Government requested a meeting with the Dongrae local official. And they returnd to his home country because Dongrae governor refused its offer flatly. On September, 1872, the high Japanese foreign official Hanabusa, accompanied Mr. Moriyama and Hirotzu, came to Korea by warship Kasuga-maru. He brought with him commodities that could pay back trade debts of Tsushima in Yukomaru, a commercial ship. After he sent back all undesired Tsushima people for negotiation who resided at Waegwan, he proposed the reparation of debt goods and exchange of diplomatic document. Korean official refused the proposal on the ground that while there is a warship the receipt of debt goods can not be made. Thus the relationship of two nations worsened. Korean officials exerted military demonstration, control of illicit sales and restriction of commercial activities at Waegwan which resulted in the poverty situation to Japanese residents. The series of action caused the political issue of Sei-kanron or "theory of conquer Korea" in Japan. On December of 1873, Tae Won-kun was forced cut of his office after ten years of strong and conservative, but revolutionary domestic administration from 1864 to 1874. After his forced retirement, queen Min who had a strong character and great ability, now began a Min-dominated administration. On June, 1874, when the Japanese official Moriyama arrived at Dongrae again, the official attitude of Korean Government was somewhat changed. In fact, the Korean government officials recognized the Japanese mission and officially received them at Dongrae. This was the first time although it was the Local officials, the Korean officials recognized the Japanese diplomatic envoys. On January 19, 1875, the Japanese envoy Moriyama and others arrived again at Dongrae on a warship with a new communication. At this time the Korean Local officials refused to see the Japanese envoy on the ground that they came by warship. In the documents, there were still the words such as "Dainippon" or the "Great Japan" and "Chunja" or "the son of the heaven". The envoy insisted that it was impossible to change the word "imperial" and "great". On February 5, the governor of Dongrae city, Hwang Jung-yeun, received and forwarded the documents of the Japanese foreign Minister to the Korean central government and treated the envoy Moriyama and the viceenvoy with a special banquet. Three month later, the same envoys again came to Dongrae and this time the envoy wore Western cloths. He also insisted on using the main gate to the city. The Japanese official attitude seemed to have changed in the eyes of the Korean people. At the palace in Seoul, opinion was divided as to whether or not the Japanese envoy should be accepted. Tae Won-kun's influence was still strong although he was retired from the palace. On May, 1875, two Japanese warships were dispatched to Pusan port by the request of Moriyama and exerted military pressure. The exchange of diplomatic document was finally broken down due to the high posture and stubbornness of Moriyama; on September 20, 1875, Japan dispatched Woon Yo-kan to invade Kangwha island.