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한국의 하천환경 평가를 위한 저서성 대형무척추동물의 과 범주 생물지수 개발
공동수,민정기,노성유 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.2
In this study, a Benthic Macroinvertebrates Family Index (BMFI) was developed using 100 indicator groups (99 families including Chironomidae with 2 phena). Families were assigned a score between 1 and 10 depending on their sensitivity to organic pollution. The BMFI was composed of the sensitivity and relative abundance of the indicator taxa. Sensitivity values of each group were generally similar to Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) scores or Walley, Hawkes, Paisley, Trigg (WHPT) scores of UK, Japanese BMWP scores, and the FBI tolerance values of North America. However, sensitivity values of some taxa were significantly different from those of foreign countries, which seemed to have resulted from discrepancy in species composition, difference of taxonomic classification system, or methodological difference for estimation of sensitivity. As an annual average level, BMFI showed significant correlation with concentration of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (correlation coefficient r = -0.80, n = 569 sites), total suspended solids (r = -0.68), and total phosphorus (r = -0.79). In addition, BMFI revealed strong correlation with Shannon-Weaver's species diversity (r = 0.85), Margalef's species richness (r = 0.85) and McNaughton's dominance (r = -0.84). Correlation between BMFI and water quality parameters or community indices such as species diversity did not show significant difference compared to that of species-level indices such as BMI (Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index). This means that BMFI is a more useful indicator in terms of easy identification of organisms. BMFI was used to assess the environmental status of 3,017 sites of Stream Ecosystem Survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Environment between 2016 and 2018. As a result, about half of all sites appeared to be in good condition, and a quarter in poor condition.
팔당호의 (八堂湖) 방사환경 (放射環境) 및 열수지(熱收支)
공동수,윤일병,류재근 ( Dong soo Kong,Il Byong Yoon,Jae Keun Ryu ) 한국하천호수학회 1996 생태와 환경 Vol.29 No.1
Lake Paldang is a man-made shallow lake with tributaries showing dendritic pattern. In case that solar energy at the outer airspace of Lake Paldang is considered as 100%, incident solar radiation at the lake surface occupies 41.8% as 107,602 gcal ·cm^-2 ·yr^-1; absorbed, reflected, and scattered solar energy in the air 30.7%; absorbed and reflected solar energy by cloud 27.5%, net-back radiation 18.4%; not solar energy 19.2%; evaporative heat loss 17.9%; latent heat loss after evaporation 1.4%; sensible heat intake and net-advected outflowed heat energy are 1.2% respectively; heat storage is -0.07%. Euphotic depth is about 2.5 times than transperance(Secchi Disc depth), and annual mean euphotic depth is 4.4 m. The coastal slope of lake substratum is so weak that the coastal euphotic area occupies 41.1% of total surface area and the littoral zone occupies 16% of the lake surface area. Ecological solar energy intake efficiency by annual gross primary production of phytoplankton with aquatic macrophytes is so high as 0.40%.
공동수,윤일병,류재근 ( Dong soo Kong,Il Byong Yoon,Jae Keun Ryu ) 한국하천호수학회 1996 생태와 환경 Vol.29 No.1
Lake Paldang is an impounded stream which has dendritic tributaries in upstream area. The effluent ratio to the total rainfall in the drainage area is high upto 56.9% and Horton`s formation factor of the drainage basin is 0.162. Due to the shallowness(mean depth: 6.4 m), high fluctuation of water level, and high areal ratio of drainage basin to lake surface(the ratio: 628), lake ecosystem has tendency to be fragile, especially during the flooding period. Total precipitation in the drainage basin is 29,428×10^6 m^3·yr^-1 and the lake inflow is 16,686×10^6 m^3 ·yr^-1. Surface inflow occupies 99.7% and rainfall inflow in the lake surface is 0.3% of total inflow. Water volume used to generate eclectic power occupies 56.9% of total outflow; that used as drinking and industrial water supplies occupies 4.4%, and overflow during flooding period occupies 35.9%. Daily water level varies from `0`to 63 cm. The can be attributable to the high fluctuation of upstream discharge flow at Chongpyong dam. This fluctuation often causes flow direction at Kyongan stream to be reversed and ecosystem in upper layer of the lake to be disturbed. Hydraulic flushing rates and hydraulic retention times vary from 41 yr^-1 to 140 yr^-1 and 2.6days ·yr^-1 to 9.0 days ·yr^-1 respectively.
인공수로내 사상성 부착조류의 증식속도 및 영양물질 제거능
공동수,천세억 한국하천호수학회 1999 생태와 환경 Vol.32 No.3
유기오염 및 부영양화 제어를 위한 생태공학적 오염 하천 정화기술의 하나로서 사상성 부착조류(Filamentous periphyton, FP)의 적용성 및 이용가능성을 검토하였다. FP의 증식도는 매질의 종류, 설치방법, 공극, 유속, 수온 및 수중 영양염의 농도에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 가장 높은 FP의 증식도를 보이는 조건은 유속 10 cm/s 내외, 수류방향에 수직으로 수직으로 설치된 4 mm 망목의 그믈망 매질이었으며 같은 물리적 조건에서는 유입수의 인농도에 따라 증식도가 커졌다. 유입수 인산염 인농도가 0.025~0.075 mgP/L, 유속이 5~15 cm/s의 조건에서 Pilot 인공수로(40 cm폭×25 cm깊이×20m길이)내 FP의 순생산성은 74~125 mgChl-am-2d-1, 비증식속도는 0.42 ~0.46/d, 인제거율은 19~103 mgPm-2hr-1, 조체당 비제 거율은 62~196 mgPgChl-a-1hr-1였으며 유입수의 인농도와 유속의 증가시 인제거율은 함께 증가하였다. FP가 정상적으로 착상된 상태에서 유입수의 농도대비 인제거 효율은 약 45% 내외였다. 과영양 하천인 경안천의 현장수로내 부착조류량은 최고 1,168 mgChl-a/m2에 달하였으며 접종 후 2주간 부착물의 증가속도는 20gDWm-2d-1, FP의 순생산성은 83mgChl-am-2d-1, FP의 비증식속도는 0.36/d였다. 접종한지 1주일 이후의 평균 용존산소 증가율은 7.7 gO2m-2 hr-1였으며 물질제거율은 BOD5가 4.4 gO2m-2hr-1, 총질소는 1.7 gNm-2hr-1, 총인과 인산염인은 각각 278, 85 mgPm-2hr-1였다. 부착물의 건조중량 당 비제거율은 총 인이 1,252 μgPgDW-1hr-1, 인산염인이 376 μgPgDW-1hr-1 였다. 인제거율은 FP의 양에 따라 함께 증가하였으며 FP 시스템에서의 인의 제거는 인산염인의 흡수, 유기성 인의 침전과 흡착 및 분해, 재흡수의 복합과정에 의한 것임을 시사하였다. FP 성장시 인이 조류생장에 대한 제 한요인으로 작용하여 유출수의 질소/인 비는 유입수에 비해 현저히 높았다. 이는 FP 시스템이 영양물질의 제거 뿐만 아니라 그 조성비를 변화시키므로써 수환경의 변화를 유발할 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 이상의 결과에서 FP 시스템은 수생관속식물에 비해 20~40배의 영양염류 제거율을 가지므로 하천수의 직접정화에 매우 효율일 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 FP는 증식속도가 빠르므로 매질의 폐쇄를 억제하기 위한 노화 식물체의 관리, 효율증대를 위한 매질의 선별과 설치 방법, 시스템내 미소생태계의 변화 등 지속적인 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다. 유기물과 영양염이 모두 고농도 인 오염하천의 경우 유기물 제거를 위한 생물막과 영양 염 제거를 위한 FP 시스템을 연결한 복합시스템도 고안 할 수 있을 것이다. The applicability of filamentous periphyton (FP) to control of eutrophication and organic pollution was scrutinized in a eutrophic lake (Paldang) and a hypertrophic stream (Kyeongan). Growth rates of FP were highest at water velocity about 10 cm/s and net media with 4 mm mesh size, and increased with the phosphorus concentration of influent. When phosphate (PO4-P) concentration of lake water was in the range of 0.025~0.075 mgP/L, and water velocity was in the range of 5~15 cm/s, FP showed net productivity of 74~125 mgChl-a m-2d-1; specific growth rate of 0.42~0.46 /d; phosphorus removal rate of 19~103 mgPm-2hr-1; specific removal rate of 62~196 mgPgChl-a-1hr-1. Phosphorus removal rates increased with phosphorus concentration of influent and water velocity. Average removal efficiency of phosphorus was about 45% in the normal growth period. In the FP channel system at the hypertrophic stream, the maximum standing crop of FP was over 1,200 mgChl-a/m2, and the net productivity was about 20gDWm-2d-1 and 83 mgChl-am-2d-1, and specific growth rate was 0.36/d. In the normal growth condition, FP showed high oxygen production rate of 7.7 gO2m-2hr-1. Removal rate was 4.4 gO2m-2hr-1 for BOD5; 1.7 gNm-2hr-1 for total nitrogen (TN); 278mgPm-2hr-1 for total phosphorus (TP); 85mgPm-2hr-1 for PO4- P, respectively. Specific phosphorus removal rate was 1,252 μgPgDW-1hr-1 in TP and 376 μgPgDW-1hr-1 in PO4-P. Phosphorus removal rate increased with standing crops of FP. The N/P ratio of effluent in the FP system was high compared with that of influent. It seemed to be attributed to the phosphorus limitation for the growth of FP.
공동수 한국환경생물학회 2002 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.20 No.-
수질오염의 기준과 모니터링을 위하여 폭 넓고 다양한 수질조사가 필요하다. 그러나, 현재의 수질평가는 대부분이 화학적 분석에 기초를 두고 있으며, 생물학적인 수질조사 방법의 도입은 소홀히 다루어지고 있다. 생물학적 조사의 장점은 화학적 조사에서 검출이 불가능한 오염원의 검출이 가능하고, 다양한 오염원으로부터의 시너지 효과를 파악할 수 있으며, 소량의 오염원에 장기간 노출되었을 때의 환경변화 혹은 생물의 반응을 검출할 수 있는 장점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 외국의 수질환경기준에 대한 비교고찰과 함께 국내 수질환경기준의 현황과 문제점을 분석하였다. 특히, 수질 환경 평가를 위한 생물학적 수질환경기준의 설정 필요성과 그 접근 방안을 제시하였다. 생물지수를 이용한 모니터링을 위해서는 지표생물의 각종 혹은 각 개체군의 내성치에 대한 체계적인 조사와 아울러 지표 군집지수의 표준화 및 보급이 필요하다. 이와 아울러 조기경보시스템이나 퇴적물에 대한 독성 시험에의 활용 등 응용범위를 넓혀 나가 선진 수질 관리를 위한 방법과 노력의 중요성을 논의하였다.
공동수 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.2
Water quality data of 81 lakes in Korea, 2013~2017 were analyzed. Most water quality parameters showed left-skewed distribution, while dissolved oxygen showed normal distribution. pH and dissolved oxygen showed a positive correlation with organic matter and nutrients, which appeared to be a nonsense correlation mediated by the algae. The ratio of BOD5 and CODMn to CBOD was 21% and 52% in the freshwater lakes, respectively. TOC concentration appeared to be underestimated by the UV digestion method, when salinity exceeds 700 μS cm-1. In terms of nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, the limiting factor for algal growth seemed to be phosphorus in most of the lakes. Chlorophyll α increased acutely with decrease of N/P ratio. However, it seemed to be a nonsense correlation mediated by phosphorus concentration, since the N/P ratio depended on phosphorus. The N/P ratio of brackish lakes was lower than that of the freshwater, at the same concentration of phosphorus. It is worth examining denitrification that occurs, in bottom layer and sediment, during saline stratification. Chl.α concentration decreased in the form of a power function with increase of mean depth. The primary reason is that deep lakes are mainly at the less-disturbed upstream. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of sediment, on water quality in shallow lakes. Light attenuation in the upper layer, was dominated by tripton (non-algal suspended solids) absorption/scattering (average relative contribution of 39%), followed by CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) (average 37%) and Chl.α (average 21%).
공동수,김범철 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.4
In this study, the relationship between trophic state indices was analyzed based on the monthly or weekly water quality data of 81 lakes (mostly man-made) in Korea between 2013-2017. Carlson’ TSIC and Aizaki’ TSIm were calculated using the summer (Jun.-Sep.) average data at the upper water layer. The previous Korean trophic state index (TSIKO) and the newly suggested index (TSIKON) was calculated using the annual average data at the whole layer and at the upper layer, respectively. While previous trophic state index (TSI) such as Carlson’ TSI included logarithmic function, we devised newly Monod-type TSIKON(Chl) that is 50 when half-saturation concentration of chlorophyll ? (Chl.?) measured by UNESCO-method is 10 g L-1. MMF-type TSIKON(TP) was derived based on the relationship between TP and Chl.?. A comprehensive TSIKON was decided as the larger one of the two TSIKON values. The range of previous TSI was usually 40-50 for the mesotrophic state, which seemed narrow to discriminate trophic characteristics of the class. The upper limits of TSIKON for oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic state were set to 23, 50 and 75, respectively. Classification by TSIC and TSIm showed higher frequency of eutrophic class compared to TSIKO and TSIKON. This means that the estimation by TSIs developed in foreign natural lakes can lead to distorted results in the classification of the trophic state of Korean lakes. This is due to the decrease of transparency by non-algal material and the reduction in phosphorus availability to algal growth, particularly in Monsoon period.
공동수,박영준,전용락 한국물환경학회 2018 한국물환경학회지 Vol.34 No.3
In 1997, the environmental score (Q) corresponding the tolerance value of Korean benthic macroinvertebrate species and the related biotic score, the ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrates (ESB) were proposed; ESB was similar to Beck's biotic index or Chandler's biotic score. This study was carried out to revise the Q values of individual species and the assessment scheme of ESB based on the taxonomic performance and ecological information accumulated since then. The original ESB was renamed as TESB (total ESB), and AESB (average ESB) was newly proposed. AESB is calculated by dividing the TESB (for a given station) by the number of species present in the sample. In this study, TESB showed a positively skewed distribution, while AESB showed a negatively skewed distribution. The correlation between TESB and the concentration of BOD5 was a little stronger than that of the original ESB. TESB showed a very strong correlation (correlation coefficient r=0.98) with Margalef's species richness, of which correlation coefficient was higher than that of AESB (r=0.85). AESB showed a strong correlation (r=-0.79) with the concentration of BOD5, while TESB showed a weaker correlation (r = -0.67). Applying TESB and AESB together in an assessment of the environment may be comprehensive because the physical and chemical states of the environment can be evaluated together. AESB is less dependent on the sample size, while TESB tends to increase as the sample size increases. In the evaluation of the environment using TESB, it is necessary to standardize the methods on monitoring.
생활형 및 생육환경에 따른 대형수생식물의 생산성과 영양물질 제거능
공동수,정원화,전선옥 한국하천호수학회 1999 생태와 환경 Vol.32 No.3
국내의 거의 모든 호수는 인공호이며 그 상당수가 부 영양 상태이고 영양염류가 주로 유역의 비점오염원에서 유입되고 있어 기계적 오염원 관리가 어려운 상태이다. 본 연구는 수생관속식물을 이용한 영양물질 제거를 주 목적으로 수행되었다. 팔당호 자연습지의 수생관속식물에 의한 질소와 인의 연간 총흡수량은 연간 외부 총유 입부하량의 1% 내외에 불과하나, 강우가 적은 4~6월의 시기 중 생육지에서 인의 유입대비 흡수비는 약 27%에 달하며, 탈질이나 인의 용출억제 효과를 고려할 때 수질에 미치는 수생관속식물의 역할은 매우 크다. 팔당호에서 재배된 부레옥잠의 생체량 기준 비증식속도는 0.034 ~0.086 /d, 배가시간은 8~19일, 증식의 온도계수는 1.06, 질소흡수율은 0.56~1.67 gNm-2d-1, 인흡수율은 0.10~0.33 gPm-2d-1였으며 대규모 재배지에서의 수질은 현저히 개선되었다. 부레옥잠의 지하부 건물량(U)에 대한 지상부 건물량(A)의 비(U/A)는 수중의 영양물질 농도와 함께 증가하였다. 하수처리시 식물체의 인 함량과 수중의 인농도는 밀접한 관계를 보인 반면 질소는 유의성이 없었는데, 이는 하수의 질소/인 농도비가 높아 질소가 식물성장의 제한요인이 되지 못함을 시사한다. 하수원수에 대한 체류시간 2.2일의 인공늪지 처리시 BOD5 제거효율은 61~68%로 식물종류별로 차이가 적었으나 인제거효율은 부레옥잠조 63%, 기타 정수식물 (애기부들, 미나리, 꽃창포) 처리조는 35% 이하였다. 하수원수와 2차하수처리수에 대한 부레옥잠 인공늪지시스템의 인제거율은 각각 0.22, 0.16 gPm-2d-1이었으며, 기타 정수식물 처리조는 각각 0.06~0.12 gPm-2d-1, 0.03~ 0.06 gPm-2d-1의 범위였다. 유출수의 질소/인 비는 수로 시스템에 비해 늪지시스템에서 낮았는데 늪지 저토에서의 탈질과 인 용출이 큰 것으로 추정된다. 2차 하수처리 수에 대한 질소 제거율(R)과 식물체흡수율(U)의 백분비 (U/R)는 부레옥잠조 31~58%, 미나리조 5~11%, 기타 처리조는 5% 이하였으며, 인에 대한 U/R비는 부레옥잠조 47~54%, 미나리조 11~45%, 기타 처리조는 10% 이하였다. 부수식물 시스템에서는 흡수제거가 크나 정수식 물 시스템에서는 침전과 흡착 및 탈질이 주요 제거기작임을 알 수 있다. Net productivity and nutrient removal potentials of vascular hydrophytes with different life forms were estimated in the natural wetland of the river-reservoir Paldang and the macrophyte-based sewage treatment system. In the reservoir, the annual uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus by vascular hydrophytes were only about 1% of the external load. However, the uptake ratio in the macrophyte-growing area during April~June was about 27% of the external load. Culturing water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) within the reservoir, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rates were in the range 0.56~1.67 gNm-2d-1 and 0.08~0.33 gPm-2d-1, respectively. In the free floating treatment systems for sewage with four macrophytes, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), iris (Iris ensata var. spontanea), cattail (Typha angustifolia) and water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica), the phosphorus contents of macrophytes were closely related with the phosphorus concentration in water. In the pond systems with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.2 day, BOD5 removal efficiencies were in the range of 61~68%, and those were not so different among macrophyte species. In the water hyacinth system, the phosphorus removal rates were 0.22 and 0.16 gPm-2d-1 in the raw sewage and in the secondary treated sewage water, respectively, while the other emergent macrophyte systems showed the low range of 0.06~0.12 and 0.03~0.06 gPm-2d-1, respectively. In the secondarytreated sewage, water hyacinth absorbed 31~58% of the removed nitrogen and 47~54% of the removed phosphorus. However, the uptake/removal ratio in the other emergent macrophyte systems were less than 5% for nitrogen and 10% for phosphorus.