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한국인의 가치변동과 참여 : World Values Surveys 1990, 1996, 2001에 대한 분석을 중심으로
강우창 고려대학교 2004 虎院論集 Vol.12 No.-
This paper starts from the contradiction between the common sense as a Korean and theories about the New Social Movements(NSMs). According to Russel Dalton, unorthodox political participation such as petition, boycott, demonstration, and strikes became popular in the western democracies along with the advent of NSMs beginning from 1960s. According to Ronald Inglehart, the advent of NSMs is an outcome of individual value changes from materialism to postmaterialism. In this sense, unorthodox political participations have a close relationship with individual value changes. Korean experience both in the past and in the presen tells that Korean are active in participation of protest politics. Another common sense, however, tells that most Koreans are not likely to have postmaterial value considering that the history of economic affluence is not long in Korea. Most members of current Korean society underwent poverty and insufficiency in their socialization or pre-adult period. Based on this contradiction, this paper has two goals. First, it aims to empirically prove if those common senses are true. If they are not true, there will be no contradiction. Second, if those common senses are true, it is necessary to find out another variable to explain the Korean uniqueness. Based on the data of World Values Surveys 1999-2001, produced by Inglehart and distributed by ICPSR, I conducted cross national comparison among 20 countries. Considering the ranks of political (13th) and economic (10th) development, the level of Koreans' participating in protest polities is unusually high. It ranked as the fifth highest country in terms of participation index. On the other hand, Korea ranked as the third least postmaterial country. Another findings from the cross-national analysis is the amount of participation willingness is about twice as much as that of participation experience. These characteristics were confirmed in the other two surveys in Korea in 1990 and in 1996. The logistic regression reveals that the membership in the organization is the most powerful variable to expect the experience of participation. Unlike in the western countries, however, organizations related with peace, women right, environment, and human rights are not significant in expectation. The role of social and political organization encouraging people's participation experience explains why Korean's high level of willingness to participation in 1990 was not led to actual participation both in 1996 and in 2001. Those organizations fail to mobilize those potential participants. Another finding from the regression is that education is the most powerful variable in expecting the willingness of participation. On the other hand, the postmaterial value was not as significant as education. This means that if an individual receives high level of education, he has more positive attitudes toward participation without postmaterial value. This explains why teh level of Korean participation is high in spite of the low level of postmaterialization.