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卓鎭煥 全北大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.41 No.-
Political participation is the crucial point where factors of political power struggle in the state and forces of class struggle meet. In spite of the enormous difference between their directional orientations, both forces need political organizations as tools for realizing their ends. Political parties and social movements become the vehicles through which different interests seek to impose conflicting resolutions to the prevention of the reproduction in the polity of the inequalities of civil society. Two consequences of this are, first, the importation of the class struggle into polities, and second, the creation of organizational structures to give expression to the participant interests. The first of these brings about the paradoxical consequence that by rendering the state the locus of the most universal conflict within the society it also strengthened the state's legitimacy. Such an analysis needs to elaborate a concept of political action which usefully embraces the point at which the struggle for power in the state and the general notion of class struggle come together. This is preferable to both the narrow concern for formal institution characteristic of the American school and the generalization of the political to all social conflict which Marxist studies often involve.
卓鎭煥 全北大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.20 No.-
From the asymmetric point of view, political participation denotes the influence ordinary citizens have over the selection of political leaders and the policies they adopt. The asymmetricists employ different definitional strategies from those of symmetricists and focus primary attention on distinct empirical settings. But the kind of influence ordinary citizens may expect to have in democracies is very limited. Most citizens usually do not attempt to exert control over the decisions which are made by government, but do attempt to exert control over the leader-selection process. The institutions of modern democracy have so evolved that policy leadership is left in the hands of elected officials. The idealistic notion that participation is only significant when it results in direct influence on policy formulation bears little relevance to the actual role of mass publics either in democracies or in nondemocratic systems. Viewed in this way, political participation may be broadly defined as the involvement of individual citizens in collective political activities related to the functions performed by the formal institutions of the political system. The general conclusion of this analysis is that political participation can exist in political systems of widely varying characteristics. The stark differences between political systems lie not so much in their participatory mechanisms as in the characteristics of the system themselves.