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Sung, Keuk-Je Jungseok Research Institute of International Logis 2004 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.2 No.2
Economists argue that trade liberalization is good for every country involved in the process since, according to Ricardian theory, Free trade would allow more trade, which, in turn, offers wider choices for consumers and allows the most efficient producers to concentrate on their specialty areas. This observation raises the issue as to whether the general public believes in such a proposition. If the answer to the question is not in the affirmative, then there must be other reasons why developing country members participate in trade negotiation. An attempt is made to resolve this issue from a new standpoint - the regulatory reform perspective with particularly reference to Korea. Even if this new perspective is satisfactory, the issue remains as to whether the general public can be persuaded by its intrinsic argument. However, a new and different answer definitely adds to the reasons why developing country members should participate in the services negotiation associated with The Doha development Agenda and the General Agreement on Trade in Services Negotiation.
Comparison of ICT Development Strategies in Asia
( Keuk Je Sung ) 정보통신정책학회 2011 정보통신정책연구 Vol.18 No.4
ICT development in Asia during the past decades was remarkable, following various development strategies. Korea, China, Malaysia, India and Vietnam were chosen to draw lessons for development strategies in ICT sector. Korea and Malaysia have pursued government-led development policies which turned to be quite successful. But Malaysia was not able to fully achieve its goal as planned. Related industries did not develop commensurately, and user readiness fell behind. China did not have comprehensive development policies as Korea, but protected local manufacturing industries for development, making use of huge domestic market. Software development and introduction of competition remain as future agenda. India shares no common features as the other Asian countries, but Indian software industry has tremendously grown by utilizing overseas networks and a large pool of well-educated manpower at low cost. Examination of development policies can draw lessons to other developing countries. ICT development in Asia during the past decades was remarkable, following various development strategies. Korea, China, Malaysia, India and Vietnam were chosen to draw lessons for development strategies in ICT sector. Korea and Malaysia have pursued government-led development policies which turned to be quite successful. But Malaysia was not able to fully achieve its goal as planned. Related industries did not develop commensurately, and user readiness fell behind. China did not have comprehensive development policies as Korea, but protected local manufacturing industries for development, making use of huge domestic market. Software development and introduction of competition remain as future agenda. India shares no common features as the other Asian countries, but Indian software industry has tremendously grown by utilizing overseas networks and a large pool of well-educated manpower at low cost. Examination of development policies can draw lessons to other developing countries.
A Study on the Scope of Incidental Services under the GATS/WTO
Sung Keuk-Je(성극제) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2003 통상법률 Vol.- No.53
Under the GATS classification, there are ‘incidental’ services provided to non-service sectors, which are basically rendered on a fee or contract basis, and many members have made market-opening commitments on these services during the Uruguay Round negotiation. However, under close scrutiny, these services turned out to be pure manufacturing activities provided on the account of a third party, total or partial, and can exist in any sectors. This suggests that there may be an overlap between the GATT and GATS regarding manufacturing. If this is the case, then many complex and conflicting issues should be resolved, including those of subsidies, tariffs and also transparency requirements. At the moment, GATS has decided not to discuss this issue for the time being, but the clarification should be made rather soon.
Analysis of MFN Exemption in WTO/GATS
Sung Keuk-Je(성극제) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2002 통상법률 Vol.- No.47
MFN is one of the fundamental principles of any multilateral agreement. GATS, however, allowed derogation from this principle, considering the complexity of services trade and the time constraint for UR negotiation. This derogation was supposed to be of temporary in nature, with a duration of 10 years. But many, if not all, members took advantage of this loophole, and used this exemption as a strategic weapon during the UR and subsequent negotiations. Closer look at the current MFN exemption measures show that the more a member committed; he more a member’s economy is developed; and the more a member is engaged in services trade, the more exemptions were listed. Moreover, many exemptions did not specify the duration, condition, and special treatment of MFN inconsistent measures. Some measures even undermine the specific commitments made in their schedule. The most appropriate way to bring these measures would be through the voluntary elimination, and if that is not possible, then by negotiation during the DDA negotiation.
Factors Contributing to FDI Inflow in the Andijan region of Uzbekistan
Sardorbek Ismoilov,Sung Keuk-Je 경희대학교 국제학연구원 2019 Asian Journal of International Studies (AJIS) Vol.24 No.2
This paper explores the factors contributing to FDI inflow based on a survey of 152 foreign-invested enterprises located in the Andijan region of Uzbekistan. The results indicate strong existence for the market-seeking and resource-seeking motives while having a weak presence of the efficiency-seeking motive. Moreover, the orientationof firms inl ocal market utilization has beenp rimarily investigated. There are no significant problems that have been faced by the surveyed enterprises, but some problems such as lack of infrastructure, bureaucracy, corruption and unsatisfactory economic environment have been identified as having a weak impact. The factors such as local market utilization and having access to the regional market (CIS) have been observed as significant in the accomplishment of FDI intention. The factor of technology transfer has been evaluated by local partners as the most important motive in attracting FDI while they expect more from foreign investors insecuring the export market.