戰後世界의 勢力均衡體制 樹立을 爲한 聯合國會議에 關한 硏究 : 東北亞問題에 關係되는 事項을 中心으로 With Special Emphasis on Facts Related to Far East-Asia Affairs

徐仲錫 慶北大學校 平和問題硏究所 1976 평화연구 Vol.1 No.1

The year of 1943 was the decisive year to determine the victor and the loser of the World War Two. In the European war theatre more than 300,000 Nazi soldiers were surrendered to the Red Army of the Soviet Union following a fatal defeat in the battlefield of Stalingrad at the end of January, 1943. Meanwhile, in the Pacific theatre, the Japanese forces were forced to take a general retreat after the defeats in naval and ground encounters of the Guadalcanal campaigns. In the same year the general picture of the war situations in the East and the West was decisively in favor of the Allied forces, pushing the Axis forces into the corner. The favorable war situations made the allied nations to believe that the time had come for them to discuss the post-war settlements and to adjust their respective positions. With this aim, the heads of the victorstates launched a series of direct and personal contacts, which were later described as "Diplomacy by Conferences". Ⅰ. Moscow Four Foreign Ministers' Conference (Oct. 18-30, 1943) : As the prospect of victory of the Allied side was getting brighter, the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side, which was divided into two, that is, Anglo-American vs. Soviet Union was primarily called to adjust the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side. The meeting was also served as sort of preparatory meeting for the Three Big Heads Meeting (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin). After the meeting, the discussion at which were devoted to the post-war peace maintenance system, the four foreign ministers issue statement on the punishments of war criminals and the Declaration of General Security. Ⅱ. Cairo Conference (Nov.22-26, 1943) : The Conference called by the initiative of Presidents Roosevelt of the United States was attended by three big heads of the United State, Great Britain and China : Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek. Focal point of issue discussed at the conference was post-war settlements with Japan. The conference adopted and issued the Cairo Declaration which spelled out that : Japan should be stripped off all islands on the Pacific Ocean which it had occupied or pirated since 1914 ; all the territories it had pirated from China should be returned to the Republic of China ; Korea should be given independence and the allied side would continue war against Japan until it unconditionally surrender. Ⅲ. Teheran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943) : This conference was attended by three big heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, who primarily discussed post-war settlements with Germany and a Roosevelt's plan to establish a world peace organization. that is, the United Nations. At this conference, some of important issues regarding the Far East were also discussed and some decisions were reached. The Big Three agreed and reaffirmed ; a) continued cooperation among three allied nations and determination to continue war efforts; b) guarantee of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and c) establishment of the secondary frontline (Overload-Secondary Frant). These agreements were summarized in the from the Iran Declaration. At the Teheran Conference, Stalin particularly promised to Roosevelt the participations of the Soviet Union in the Pacific war after the surrender of Nazi Germany, concerted efforts to persuade Turkey to enter the anti-Axis war and support of Tito-led partisans. Along with the Moscow Conference, the Teheran Conference had an important significance in that it provided for post-war channels of approach among the three big allied nations. (the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union.) and that the United States and Great Britain approved the demands by the Soviet Union for the punishment of war criminals and post-war settlements in Europe. Ⅳ. Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945) : This conference was the second and the last meeting of the Three Big Heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, since the Teheran Conference. Two months after the Yalta conference. President Roosevelt of the United States suddenly passed away and Prime Minister Churchill of Britain had to leave, though short period it was, from the active political stage following the defeat of his party in the general elections that took place six months after the Yalta Conference. The sudden death of President Roosevelt and absence of Prime Minister Churchill in the active political stage provided Stalin with golden opportunity to willfully and cunningly exploit the post-war confusion and chaos to expand the territory of the Soviet Union which led to building up the largest empire in the world history. The Yalta Conference was the most important one of innumerable conferences in which the leaders of the allied nations got together during the World War Two. The Conference which was almost exclusively devoted to the discussion of post-war settlements with Germany was unique in that it led to create a new "Balance of power" in the post-war period. Moreover, the conditions for the Russian participation in the Pacific war were also decided at the Yalta Conference. It was the so-called Yalta Agreement which spelled out that in exchange for the participation in the Pacific war two or three months after German is surrender, the Soviet Union was assured with : a) the maintenance of the status quo of Outer Mongolia (Mongolian Peoples Republic) ; b) the retrieval of southern Saghalien and adjacent islands to the Soviet Union; c) acknowledgement of Russia's prevailing interests over the port of Talien, internationalization of Talien and recovery of the Russian lease of the Port Arthur naval base; ed) Sino-Russo joint management of the main railroad in eastern Manchuria and e) concession of the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. However, it was decided at the Yalta Conference that any decisions concerning China should be subjected to the approval of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, which was later translated into an agreement with the Nationalist Chinese government. Besides, the principle of unanimous decision among the big powers was also affirmed at the Yalta Conference. The principle was designed to assure the Soviet Union with right to express its positions, on one hand and to guaranteed both the United States and Great Britain for freedom of actions in the conduct of policies on the other. The experiences of the Legaue of Nations which excluded the Soviet Union made the principle inevitable. As shown in the foregoing, the post-war settlements, reconstructions and the post war peace maintaining system were discussed and decided at various conferences attended by the delegates of the major allied powers. By the time when the inaugural meeting of the United Nations opened at the end of April, 1945 however, the allied nations had already split into two camps of influence, clashing with each other. However, the United States and Great Britain, avoiding direct confrontation with the other side, finally succeeded to make the Soviet Union agree on issuing Potsdam Declaration against Japan in July 26, 1943 after the July meeting in Potsdam, which was attended by Three Bid Heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union. The Potsdam meeting reaffirmed the earlier agreement on the tie schedule of Russia's participation in the Pacific war against Japan. But the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union continued to grow. Therefore, the United States' dropping atomic bombs on Japan in August, 1945 in the wake of imminent Russia's participation in the Pacific war may well be described as a strategy stemming from the American political design to bring Japan under its knees before the Russian participation gained wider political implications.

요한공동체의 자기이해

서중석 연세대학교 신과대학 1999 신학논단 Vol.27 No.-

본 소론의 목적은 요한복음서를 산출한 요한공동체의 구성원들이 규정하고 있는 자신들의 기원과 현상태에 관한 자기 이해의 특성을 주로 서막에 집중하여 규명하려는 것이다. 하나님에 의해 세상으로 보내진 예수에 대한 요한의 독특한 묘사의 배후에는 그 묘사에 강력한 영향을 끼친 요한 공동체가 있다. 그 요한 공동체의 실체를 인식하는 것은 요한을 해석하는 데에 필수적이다. 요한의 예수에 대한 묘사와 요한공동체를 밀접히 관련시키려는 주요한 작품 중 하나는 믹스의 것이다. 믹스는 하늘에서 내려온 예수를 요한의 소종파적 성격과 관련시킴으로써 요한 연구를 위한 새로운 관점을 제시했다.

한국형 가상기술시장모형과 발전전략

정상철,서중석 忠南大學校 地域開發硏究所 1998 地域開發論叢 Vol.10 No.-

A Technomart supports and activates the comprehensive technology intercourse, interacting three functions; Cyber Market, Physical Market, and Support System. This study is about the Cyber-Technomart, which is one of foregoing those, at the same time, comprehensive support system that generally projects those in terms of concept, structure, and function. According to this view, it has suggested a normative model and developmental strategy.

Alloy 600 합금의 내부식성 향상을 위한 레이저 표면 합금화

김정수,서정훈,강석중,신진국,국일현 한국레이저가공학회 1999 한국레이저가공학회지 Vol.2 No.1

The surface of Alloy 600 was alloyed using a continuous wave CO₂ laser beam in order to improve its corrosion resistance. Laser surface alloying (LSA) was done by melting the surface electroplated with Cr of the alloy. The Cr concentration of the alloyed surface was 28∼30 at.%, which is similar to that of Alloy 690. Alloying elements in the alloyed layer was observed to be distributed very homogeneously all over the alloyed region. According to the electrochemical and modified Huey tests, the corrosion resistance, in particular the grain boundary corrosion resistance, of the LSA specimens was significantly improved, compared with that of the as-received(AR) specimen. This improved corrosion resistance of the alloyed specimen might be attributed to the high Cr content, which could make possible formation of more stable and dense passive film onto its surface.

사망 진단서(시체 검안서) 작성의 문제점

김규석,임용수,이중의,서길준,윤여규,어은경,염석란,정연권,이윤성 대한응급의학회 2000 대한응급의학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Background: This study was conducted to analyze the current problems in completing death certificates and to identify the correct method for completing death certificates Methods: We reviewed 262 death certificates in three hospitals from March 1 to April 30, 2000, and 119 death certificates in one hospital from March 1 to 31, 2000. We identified major and minor errors and analyzed and compared them retrospectively. Results: A total of 381 death certificates were reviewed: 59 in Seoul National University Hospital,101 in Ewha Woman's University Hospital, and 102 in Gachon Medical College Hospital, which has no education program for completing death certificates in postgraduate training, and 119 in Samsung Medical Center which has an education program for completing death certificates. 358 certificates(94.0%) had at least one error. There were only 23 death certificates(6.0%) without an error. In 182 cases(47.8%), there was one major error. In 321 death certificates(84.3%), there were more than two errors. A comparison of Samsung Medical Center with the other hospitals showed that the number of total errors was statistically different(p=0.001). Conclusion: There were few death certificates without an error in this study. In a hospital which has postgraduate training in completing death certificates, there are fewer errors than in other hospitals which have no training course. Emergency physicians actually certify many deaths, so they must know the correct method of completing death certificates for statistics on morbidity and mortality.

The Glory of the Johannine Jesus in His Works

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 1994 현대와 신학 Vol.19 No.-

The Johannine Jesus begins to try to move toward the former exclusive status of divinity from the present inclusive status both of divinity and humanity. Jesus forfeited the status of God who has only divinity when he descended from heaven onto earth. But he retains his divinity in his flesh. Jesus' struggle to demonstrate his former divine status and the present divinity in his flesh is predominantly disclosed in his works and in his disputes against the Jews who charge that he is mere human. The Jews reject not only Jesus' former divinity with God but his present divinity in the flesh as well.

Jesus'Restoration of Glory in the Fourth Gospel

Suh, Joong Suk 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 1995 현대와 신학 Vol.20 No.-

The full restoration of Jesus' glory is accomplished when the people whom the Father gave him "out of the world" (17.6) recognize Jesus' regaining of his equality In God after his ascension In heaven. Jesus, as W. H. Kelber notes, seems to incarnate himself "in order to bring about a return to origin." The Johannine Jesus entreats that the people whom the Father has given him may be with him where he is, so they may behold his glory which the Father has given him in His love for him before the foundation of the world(17.24).In John Jesus is regarded as "God" who was in the bosom of the Father(1.18), The Logos was God(1.1). The statements in regard to the mutual abiding between Jesus and God reflect the Johannine community's criticism against those who separate Jesus from Got One of its antagonists' propositions was "Jesus and the Father are not the same"(of,10.30). D their theology, the reciprocal inclusiveness between Jesus and God was quite doubtful. The Father's is the Father's, and Jesus' is Jesus' for them(of.17.10). They assert that the eternal life comes from knowing of the only true God without knowing of Jesus(of. 17.3). The Johannine community reputes against this assertion. To know and believe in Jesus is to know and believe in God(14.7). To have the eternal life in Jesus is to have it in God(17.3). B. A. Mastin maintains that...it is reasonable to claim that the Evangelist thought it was important that the title theos should be given D Jesus. It is probable that this feature of his christology is due to controversy with the Jews, and that as a result of this he formulated his estimate of Christ's person in this way. G. Reim endorses Mastin's argument and Presents the scriptural background for it. But the title theos given to Jesus in the Gospel does not necessarily reflect the controversy with the Jews exclusively. Rather, it reflects the controversies not only with the Jews, but with the apostolic Jewish Christians who separate Jesus from God. J. H. Neyrey proposes that Jesus is properly called "equal to God," because he has God's two basic power(creative/eschatological). Creative power is not only claimed but demonstrated (1:1-18; 5:1-9,19-20) and so Jesus is rightly called Theos. Eschatological power is initially only claimed in 5:18, 21-29, and its demonstration remains the task of the rest of the gospel. Neyrey's proposition is convincing, but he misses another important point of Jesus' presence itself: Jesus is called God in the sense that Jesus is with God before the foundation of the world. In heaven, Jesus, before or after the earthly life, is equal to God. The prerequisite to the full restoration of the forfeited glory of Jesus is his departing the earth for heaven.

The Spirit and the Johannine Community

Joong Suk Suh 한국기독교학회 2011 한국기독교신학논총 Vol.78 No.-

공관복음과는 달리 요한복음은 성령의 역할을 예수에게 맞추어 축소하고 성령의 활동을 예수의 사역으로 제한한다. 이러한 특징적 관계 묘사는 요한공동체 내부의 정황, 곧 애제자의 증언을 중심으로 형성된 애제자 계열의 그룹과 같은 공동체 내에서 영을 강조하며 영향력을 발휘하던 성령고수그룹의 갈등 정황을 반영한다. 저자 요한이 속해 있던 애제자 계열의 그룹은 ``영``보다는 ``진리의 영`` 곧 예수의 영인 ``보혜사``를 강조하여 ``영``의 활동이 예수와 그의 말씀인 ``진리`` 안에서 이루어져야 한다고 주장한다. 또한 하나님을 향한 예배 역시 ``영``으로만이 아니라 ``영과 진리로`` 이루어져야 한다고 공동체 구성원들을 설득한다. 이것은 요한이 공동체 내에서 자신이 속한 그룹의 주도권을 강화하는 한편 ``여인들``이 주도한 성령고수그룹의 영향력을 감소시키려는 시도이다. 이 논문은 요한복음의 성령 관련 본문에 반영된 요한공동체의 내부 갈등의 정황을 재구성하고, 그 속에 담긴 사회학적 함의를 규명하는 데 초점을 맞춘다.

The Johannine Community and the Apostolic Jewish Christians in Conflict

Joong Suk Suh 한국신학교육연구원 1995 Korea Journal of Theology Vol.1 No.-

The Period Reflected in Galatians 2. 7-9

Suh, Joong-Suk 연세대학교 연합신학대학원 1999 Yonsei journal of theology Vol.4 No.-

A purpose of this paper is to determine the period and situation reflected in Paul's account on the Jerusalem Conference in Galatians 2.7-9. Just what situation is reflected in Paul's writing of 2.7-8, and 2.9? Is the period reflected in vv.7-8 the same as the period at v.9?This is certainly a valid question since the two reveal certain discrepancies. First, vv.7-8 shows a conference situation between Paul and Peter with vv.7-8 seemingly implying an agreement between the two alone. But at v.9, the conference is enlarged to include James, Cephas, and John on one side and Barnabas and Paul on the other as to reflect a group conference. Second, Peter is seen as the representative figure for the circumcised at vv.7-8, but at v.9, his name appears after James in a group of three as to imply James as the head. Third, at vv.7-8, the name "Peter" is used, but at v.9, it is "Cephas." In light of these differences, do the two reflect a same situation, or could they possibly they possibly reveal two difference time periods?