장기간 유, 무산소성으로 훈련된 운동선수들의 일시적 운동시 혈액 성분의 변화

김학렬 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to estimate a body composition and hematological profiles during maximal exercise in Track athletes (TAG) and endurance athletes group (EAG). The subject devided into high school TAG(n=6) and EAG(n=6), it was measured a body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis, hematological variables in GXT of treadmill. Hematological status of TAG was presented a significantly increased levels in RBC(p<.05), WBC(p<.001) and hematocrit(p<.01) immediately after maximal exercise compared to baseline value, but no significant difference in the other variables. Also, EAG was shown a significant difference in RBC(p<.05), WBC(p<.05) and hematocrit(p<.05). However, MCHC of EAG renners was shown a significantly decreased levels (p<.001) immediately after maximal exercise compared to rest state. In the comparison between both group, it was shown a significantly high levels only rest WBC of EAG compared to TAG. No significant difference in the other treatment. Considering to above results, It is suggest that hematological profiles was proved a changes of acute single execise, but no observed a adaptation following long-term traning specificity.

심박수와 환기량을 이용한 최대산소섭취량 추정연구

김학렬,노성규,손태열,강인섭 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1991 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.1 No.1

Direct measurement of oxygen uptake(V O₂??) is used to standard index of cardiorespiratory fitness, but is practical only in a laboratory setting. The purpose of this paper is presented assessing formular of V O₂?? with measured heart rate and ventilation as the independent variables and with directly measured V O₂?? as the dependent variables. Twenty males with college hand ball players volunteered to exercise on a bicycle ergometer by 2-min incremental load exercise. Incremented bicycle ergometer test was used to measure maximal values of metabolic variables. To calculated assessing formular of V O₂??, It was using linear regression and multiple linear regression. The conclusion were as follows : 1. Correlation Coefficient of heart rate and ventilation, oxygen uptake and ventilation, oxygen uptake and heart rate were presented r=0.918, r=0.936, r=0.930, respectively. also, multiple regression equation derived from data of the test group were; V O₂??(ml/kg/min)=HR(0.151)+VE-BTPS(0.012)-4.04…………(1) R²=0.9079 2. Linear regression of heart rate and oxygen uptake were: V O₂??(ml/kg/min)=HR(0.312)-14.03……………(2) R²=0.8654 3. Linear regression of ventilation and oxygen uptake were: V O₂??(ml/kg/min)=VE-BTPS(0.022)+6.997………(3) R²=0.8760 4. It was calculated more V O₂?? by using multiple linear regression considered two variables than assessing equation of V O₂?? with heart rate or ventilation.

연령증가에 따른 지구성 트레이닝이 흰쥐의 젖산탈수소효소, 젖산탈수소 동위효소 분포 및 세포막 투과성의 변화에 미치는 영향

김학렬 木浦大學校應用스포츠 科學硏究所 2003 스포츠 科學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this paper was estimate a alteration of plasma lactate dehydro-genase activities and lactate dehydrogenase isozymes distribution, and a biochemical profile of lactate dehydrogenase activities and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme distribution induced as acute maximal swimming exercise of trained and untrained group after 12week endurance training with increasing age. Also, it was to prove a changes of cell membrane permeability as a enzyme efflux factor of cell, and a difference of cell membrane permeability followed aging. The results of this study is summarized as the follows. 1.Increasing age was associated with significant decrease in plasma lactate dehydro-genase activities in rats. 2.Age-related changes in distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes was shown a decrease levels significantly in M-specific type(LDH3, LDH4, LDH5), whereas H-specific type(LDH1, LDH2) were expressed increase levels with increasing age. 3. Endurance training of twelve week resulted in a significant effect in lactate dehydrogenase activity and distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, this effect of endurance training were greater in old rats than in young rats. 4. Changes of cell membrane permeability related to increasing age were not observed. However, a cell membrane permeability were cause an increase enzyme efflux of cell at acute maximal swimming exercise. In conclusion. the results form this study show that endurance training of twelve week was the result of induce of biochemical adaptation in rats, it is suggested that this effect of endurance training were greater in old rats than in young rats. Also it is proved that changes of cell membrane permeability and ion balance as enzyme efflux mechanism play a major role in enzyme efflux of cell. However, plasma constituents using as a marker of cell membrane permeability shown some a differ between variables.

인체형태학적 변인, 신체구성, 최대근력 및 혈청 지질과 지단백 수준에 대한 규칙적인 저항성 트레이닝 효과

김석주,김학렬 木浦大學校應用스포츠 科學硏究所 2003 스포츠 科學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a changes anthropometric variables, body composition, maximal muscle strength(IRM) and serum lipids and lipoprotein concentration following time course of eight week weight training program in adult men and women The results and conclusion of this paper is as follows. 1.Eight skinfold thickness in men and women, respectively was not shown a significant difference followed training time course, but in the difference between group, men was shown a significantly high levels(p<.05, respectively) in body weight compared to women. However, Chest(2wks; p<.05, 4wks p<.01, 8wks; p<.05,) and thigh thickness(2wks, 4wks and 8wks; p<.05, respectively) of women was display a significantly high levels compared to men, but it was not significant difference in tricep, mid-axillary, sub- scapular, abdomen, suprailiac and sum of eight skinfold thickness between both group. 2. The body circumference in men and women, respectively was not significant difference followed training time course. In the difference between both group, upper arm and gluteal circumference was not shown a significant difference, but forearm(0wks; p<.05, 2wks; p<.05,4wks;p<.05 and 8wks; p<.01), vast(0, 2, 4wks and 8wks; p<.05,respectively), thigh(8wks; p<.05) waist(0, 4wks and 8wks; p<.05, respectively),calf(0, 2wks and 8wks p<.05, respectively) and sum of seven circumference(0, 2wks and 8wks; p<.05, respectively) was shown a significantly high levels in men compared to women. 3.Percent fat and fat mass was not significant difference between pre and post training, and between men and women. However, Fat free mass(pre; p<.05, post; p<.01) and total body water(pre; p<.05, post; p<.01) was significant difference between men and women, but it was not between pre and post training. 4. The changes of one repetition maximum following eight week weight training was significantly increased levels only squat(p<.05) of men, but no significant difference in the other variables. Also, in the difference between group, the changes of maximal muscle strength was shown a significantly high levels in men compared to women. 5. In the men, serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG concentration was not significant difference between pre and post training, but it was shown a significantly decreased levels in TC(p<.01) and LDL-C(p<.05) between pre and post training of women, Also, In the difference between men women, no significant difference in HDL-C, LDL-C and TG concentration, but TC(p<.01) concentration in post training was significantly low levels in women compared to men.

여자 유도선수들의 트레이닝과 시합시즌에 따른 혈구세포, 헤마토크리트 및 헤모글로빈 농도의 특성

김학렬,조현철 龍仁大學校 1998 용인대학교 논문집 Vol.15 No.-

The main objective of this study was investigated a "Sports Anemia" phenomenon as estimation a profilex of hematological status during training and competition season. Eleven elite women judoist was recruited to participate as subject of this study. The experimental periods was done lasting for one years and began on March and ended on October. that is, it was done a 1st measurement on March, 2nd measurement on June, 3rd measurement on September. After 3rd measurement all athletes was performed to judo competition and then, it was done a 4rd measurement on October after resting a 4 weeks periods. Values for all hematological parameters are within the normal range for elite women judoist. White Blood Cell (WBC). There was a significant difference between the WBC count of March(1st measurement) and June(2nd measurement), September(3rd measurement), and October(4rd measurement) (F-value=6.077, p〈.01). Red Blood Cell (RBC). There was a significant difference between the RBC count of March vs. June, September and October (F-value = 7.857 p〈.001). Hematocrit (Hct). There was no significant difference throughout training and competition season (F-value=1.233). Hemoglobin (Hb). There was no significant difference between the hemoglobin concentration of training and competition season (F-value= 1.962). Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). There was a significant difference between the MCV values of March vs. June, September and October, Also, between the MCV values of June vs. October and September vs. October (F-value =44.638, p〈.001). Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH). There was no significant difference between training and season, except March vs. June (F-value =4.137, p〈.05). Mean Cellular Hemoglobin Content (MCHC). There was a significant difference between the MCHC of March vs. June, September and October (F-value = 28.609, p〈.001). Our results suggest that Mean values for hematological parameters following training and competition season in elite women judoist are remained within the normal range, and that "Sport Anemia" cannot observed a throughout training and competition season.

점증부하와 지속부하 운동강도가 회복기 생리적 변화에 미치는 영향

김학렬,노성규,손태열,우도영 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1991 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.1 No.1

1. The time of break point between Fast-component and slow component of O₂ up-take curve was presented at 12sec after recovery and its level of % VO₂max showed 32.18% VO₂max(Incremental) and 32.98% VO₂max(Continuous). 2. There were no significant differences of the break point between Incremental load and continuous load during recovery time. By above results, Though it was suggested that there will no problem for select any kind load exercise to evaluate O₂Debt during recovery time, but it shall be more desirable that Incremental load be applied to aged or women subjects and continuous load be applied to athletes or healthy subjects. To examine the level of % VO₂max which points the break point between Fast component and slow component by analyzing V E, VO₂, and LA concentration during recovery period after two kinds of treadmill exercise, 10healthy men(32.3%±4.72yrs) were tested as subjects. The methods of exercise load were Incremental load(start with 1.5mph, increasing the speed of 1.1mph at every 2min) and continuous load(continual running with the speed of 100% VO₂max level) with fixed 6% grade of treadmill. Results from the two kinds of load exercise are follows ;

無酸素性 運動能力과 生理學的 變因의 關聯性

김기진,윤성원,김학열,정정진,우도영,노성규,손태열,안의수 江原大學校附設 體育科學硏究所 1991 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.16

Wingate test 및 Supramaximal exercise를 이용한 무산소성 운동능력의 측정시 나타난 변인의 관련성을 살펴본 본 연구를 요약하면 다음과 같다. Wingate test시 혈중젖산농도 최고치는 9.04±0.62mM로서 Supramaximal exercise시 보다 유의하게 높았으며, 혈장 LDH 및 CPK활성도는 두가지 운동부하후 모두 유의한 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 근전도상의 적분치, 중간파형빈도 및 평균파형빈도도 유의한 변화는 없었다. 등속성 수축시의 최대토오크는 양쪽 다리 모두에서 초당 60도의 각속도에서가장 높았다. Wingate test시의 최대파워는 등속성 수축시 최대토오크 및 Wingate test시 중간파형빈도의 직접적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 평균파워는 Wingate test시의 적분치 변화, 듣는 쪽 슬관절의 등속성 수축시최대토오크 및 Supramaximal exercise시 혈장 LDH 활성도의 직접적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 무산소성 운동능력과 관련지어 그 기전을 살피고자 할 때 체내 화학적 변화, 전기생리적 변화 및 발현능력의 복합성을 고려해야 하며 최대누적 산소결핍량의 활용가능성은 측정강도 결정방법을 중심으로한 계속적인 연구가 요구된다. The present study examined the relationship of variables related to anaerobic capacity with Wingate test and supramaximal exercise. Peak value of blood lactate concentration with Wingate test showeda significantly higher than suprammaximal exercise, and plasma LDH & median power frequency and mean power frequency were not any difference between two tests. Peak torque of isokinetic contractionh on knee joint showed a highest value in 60 degrees of angular velocity among a various angular velocity. Peak power of Wingate test was related to peak torque of isokinetic contraction and median power frequency of EMG with Wingate test, and mean power of Wingate test was related to integrated EMG with Wingate test, peak torque with isokinetic contraction of dominant knee joint and plasma LDH activity with supramaximal exercise. In this result, when it analyzed the mechanism of anaerobic capacity, ti was required the consideration of complexity according to biochemical alteration, electrophysiological alteration and revelation of performance, Appicapability of maximal accumulated O₂deficit was demaned a continuous study with the focus of exercise intensity.

흰쥐의 연령증가에 따른 일시적 최대운동 부하시 혈장 콜레스테롤, HDL, LDL 및 TG 농도의 변화

김학렬,조현철,이선장,김영란,최용어 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1993 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of this study estimated whether a life style and diet pattern or natural phenomenon induced to aging in changes of plasma lipid component. Also, It was estimated from the changes of plasma lipid component followed acute maximal swimming exercise in different aged rats. Three months, nine months and sixteen months male rats of a Sprague-Dawley were housed in individual cages, and they were separated into each two group. - 3 month (12) : Control (6) and Experimental (6) - 9 month (22) : Control (10) and Experimental (12) - 16 month(16) : Control (8) and Experimental (8) In the 3.9.16 month, half of control group was randomly sacrificed. The other half of experimental group was performed with swimming exercise until exhaustive state. Water tank of 50cm depth and 50cm diameter was used for this study. Rats were given a 5 min warm up with swimming exercise, this warm up was followed by taking 5 min rest period, then animal exercised until exhaustion. Plasma cholesterol, HDL, LDL and TG levels followed aning of 3,9 and 16 months was not shown a significant difference between control group. Also, Plasma cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels of experimental group was not displayed statistically significant difference between 3,9 and 16 month group, but there was a significant difference(p<.05) between control and experimental group of 16 month, and between experimental group of 3 month and 16 month(p<.05) in levels of triglycerides. Conclusively, This study suggested that changes of plasma lipid component induced by aging was not phenomenan due to increase of age, and conditions except for life style and diet patern, etc. was similar to a changes of lipid component induced as exercise.

강력한 운동부하후 혈중 젖산농도에 대한 성차의 비교

김학렬,조현철,최용준,김의영,안병근 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1995 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.5 No.1

The purpose of this study was to compare sex differences of blood lactate concentration after strenous 800m sprint running and recovery 15 min. Trained-middle distance runners(Male:11, Female:10) participated as subjects of this paper. All subjects was performed a 800m sprint running, repeatedly. Blood samples for analysis a blood lactate concentration was collected in rest, warm-up after, lst 800m run after, recovery 15 min and 2nd 800m run after, respectively. The results and conclusion of this study was obtained as follows : 1. Male 800m best record in lst and 2nd run was shown a significantly high record, compared to female(lst: p<0.01, 2nd: p<0.001). 2. Blood lactate concentration after lst and 2nd run was not significant difference between male and female. However, Blood lactate concentration of both group displayed more high levels in 2nd run than lst run(p<0.001, respectively). 3. Blood lactate concentration of recovery phase was shown a significantly high lactate removal ability in male, compared with female(p<0.001). As results of above, Peak blood lactate concentration of male and female was not significant difference, but, male was shown a faster lactate removal ability compared with female.

중·장거리 선수들의 강력한 스프린트성 반복운동후 혈장 젖산, 젖산탈수소효소 및 젖산탈수소 동위효소의 변화

이규성,김학렬,최용어 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1992 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.11 No.1

훈련된 중, 장거리 런너를 대상으로 강력한 스프린트성 운동(400m)을 반복적으로 수행하였을때 유발되는 형중 젖산농도, 젖산탈수소효소 및 젖산탈수소 동위효소의 변화를 평가함으로서 무산소성 운동에 대한 LDH 활성도의 특성을 재검토하고 이러한 무산소성 운동을 반복적으로 실시함으로서 유발되는 생체의 스트레스 및 근섬유 동원양상을 평가하고자 400m 트랙을 이용하여 강력한 스프린트 운동을 10회 동안 반복적으로 수행 하였다. 혈중 젖산농도, 젖산탈수소효소 및 젖산탈수소 동위효소를 분석하기 위한 혈액샘플은 400m 질주후 5분의 유식을 취하는 중 3분 경과시에 약 5ml의 혈액을 채혈 하였으며 혈액쌤플의 일부는 혈중 젖산농도를 분석하기 위하여 0.3M Perchloric acid 1000ul에 전혈 200ul를 첨가하고 30초간 진탕한후 원심분리하여 제단백 하였으며 상충액을 냉동보관하였다. 상충액은 1120ul Regent를 혼합하고 실온에서 60분간 방치한후 파장 340nm에서 time scan법으로 측정 하였다. 남은 혈액샘플은 혈장을 분하 하였으면 Beckmann Paragon 법을 이용하여 tltal LDH 활성도를 측정 하였다. 또한 LDH isozyme은 전기영동법으로서 Agarose gel을 사용하여 5개의 동위효소를 분리야였으며 scanning densitometer를 이용하여 상대적 %를 산출하였다. 스프린트성 반복운동에 따른 혈중 젖산농도는 안정시에 비해 1회 400m 질주 후 크게 증가된 수준(p<0.00001)을 나타내었으나 10회 질주가 반복될때가지 더이상의 유의한 증가 없이 전체적으로 일정한 수준을 유지 하였다. 그러나 total LDH 활성도는 혈중 전산농도와는 달리 안정시에 비해 400m 반복힛수에 따라 점차적으로 증가되는 경향을 나타내었으며 9회 400m 반복질주까지 안정시 수준과는 유의한차가 없었으나 10회 400m 질주후 증가수준은 안정시 수준보다 유의하게 높은 수준(p<0.01)을 나타내었다. 또한 total LDH 활성도의 상대적 %로 나나탠 LDH isozyme은 H-type(LDH1+2)의 경우 안정시에 비해 400m의 반복운동에 따라 감소되는 경향을 나타내였으며, 특히 LDH2에서 반복질주간에 통계적 유의차(p<0.01)를 나타내었다. 반면에 M-type(LDH3+4+5)은 반복 운동의 빈도에 따라 점차적으로 증가되는 경향을 나타내었으며, 특히 LDH4와 LDH5에서 현저하게 큰 증가경향을 나타내었다(p<0.001). 이러한 변화양상에 따라 M/H Subunit ratio가 점차적으로감소되는 경향을 나타내었으나 유의한차(p>0.05)는 없는 것으로 나나났다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서의 400m 반복적 질주에 따른 혈중젖산, total LDH 활성도 및 M-type LDH isozyme은 크게 증가를 나타내었다. 이러한 연구결과가 시사하는 바는 400m 반복적 질주에 따른 높은 혈중젖산의 축적이 증가된 totlal LDH 활성도와 M-LDH isozyme분포와 밀접한 관련성을 나나탠다는 것을 시사하는 바이다. The Purpose of this study was to-examine the profile of Lactate dehydrogenase activity during exercise by evaluating a changes of blood lactate concentration, LDH and LDH isozymes induced as a strenuously performed repetitive exercise(400m). Also, it was estimated from a physiological stress and recruitment patterns of muscle fibers indueced as an anaerobi exercise performed. Ten elite middle and long distance runers were employed for this study. Exercise protocol utilized a 10th 400m sprint run. Blood sample for analyzing the blood lactate concetration, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase isozymes was collected at 3min out of rest period of 5min after 400m maximal run. One portion of the blood sample for analyzing a lactate concentration was deprotenized from 0.3M perchlioric regent to analyze a blood lactate cocnetration was measured by time scan methods in 340nm wave length after 60min ambient temperature. The reminder of the blood sample was stored in refrigerator after centrifuge. Total LDH activity of plasma was examined by using Beckman Paragon tchniques. Also, LDH isozymes was determined to electrophoresis separation by using agarose gel buffered by paragon LD isoenzymes kit. These distribution of LDH isozymes was calculated from a relative percentage by scanning densitometer. Blood lactate concentration followed strenuous repetitive exercise(400m) was shown significantly increased levels (p<0.0001) from 1th to 10th 400m maximal run in comparison with levels of rest. However, it was sustained a const.ant levels without more significant increase from 1th maximal run to 10th run. Total LDH activity showed a progressivly shift, trend as 400m run went on repetitively but, there was not significant difference(p>0.05) from rest levels to 9th maximal run. However, total LDH activity after the 10th 400m maximal run showed significantly increased levels(p <0.01), compared with rest levels. Also, distribution of LDH isozymes determine as relative percent.age of total LDH activity was displayed a decreased levels in case of H- specific type(LDH1+2) by increasing of 400m repetitive frequency. Especially, there displayed a significant difference(p<O.O1) in the LDH4 between 400m repetitive run. Wheareas, M- specific type(LDH3+4+5) was shown a increased levels by increasing of 400m repetitive frequency. Especially, there was significant difference (p <0.001) in the LDH 4 and LDH5. H/M subunit ratio followed changes of LDH isozymes distribution was shown a decreased levels, but there was not significant difference(p >0.05). In Conclusion, The results of this study showed a increase in blood lactate concentration, total LDH activity and M -type LDH isozymes. It was suggested that increase levels of blood lactate accumulation followed 400m repetitive maximal run was a close relation with the increase levels of total LDH activity, and M-LDH isozymes distribution.