Evans Blue Reduces Neuropathic Pain Behavior by Inhibiting Spinal ATP Release

Yin,,Hong,,Phạ,m,,Shin,,Gwon,,Kwon,,Shin,,Shin,,Lee,,Lee,,Kim, MDPI AG 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.20 No.18

<P>Upon peripheral nerve injury, vesicular ATP is released from damaged primary afferent neurons. This extracellular ATP subsequently activates purinergic receptors of the spinal cord, which play a critical role in neuropathic pain. As an inhibitor of the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), Evans blue (EB) inhibits the vesicular storage and release of ATP in neurons. Thus, we tested whether EB could attenuate neuropathic pain behavior induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats by targeting VNUT. An intrathecal injection of EB efficiently attenuated mechanical allodynia for five days in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced locomotive activity in an SNL rat model. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that EB was found in VNUT immunoreactivity on neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and the spinal dorsal horn. The level of ATP in cerebrospinal fluid in rats with SNL-induced neuropathic pain decreased upon administration of EB. Interestingly, EB blocked ATP release from neurons, but not glial cells in vitro. Eventually, the loss of ATP decreased microglial activity in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord, followed by a reduction in reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Finally, a similar analgesic effect of EB was demonstrated in rats with monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Taken together, these data demonstrate that EB prevents ATP release in the spinal dorsal horn and reduces the ATP/purinergic receptor-induced activation of spinal microglia followed by a decline in algogenic substances, thereby relieving neuropathic pain in rats with SNL.</P>

Detection of Dopamine and its Byproducts in Parkinsonian Patients on LDOPA Therapy and Evaluation of Possible Effects on the Treatment

Yin,Yu Mi Kim,Sul Hee Han,Min Hee Kang,Myung Koo Lee 한국임상약학회 2002 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.1

침구경락 음양론의 새로운 발전, 기능적 뇌 척주요법 FCST

인창식 ( Chang Shik Yin ),고형균 ( Hyeong Gyun Koh ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ),전세일 ( Sae Il Chun ),이영준 ( Young Jun Lee ) 대한경락경혈학회 2005 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.22 No.4

Objectives: Functional Cerebrospinal Therapy (FCST) is a new physiologic therapeutics developed in Korea as a meridian yinyang balance approach. The theory of yinyang balance has been at the core of health enhancement approach of meridian and acupuncture medicine ever since its start. Methods: Introductory overview of FCST is presented in relation with meridian yinynag balance theory. Results: As the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related tissues have direct interconnection with brainstem proprioceptive or motor systems and the face is where all the meridians converge, FCST applies a fine adjustment of the posture of TMJ as a treatment tool for neurologic conditions or meridian imbalances. Conclusions: Highly sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to adjust various subset aspects of yinyang balance are developed within FCST, which is supposed to be one of major contributions to natural healing.

현대 361개 경혈체계를 마련한 19세기 『침구봉원』의 침구의학과 침구경락 음양론 발전상 의의

정일경,이혜정,인창식,Jung, Il Kyung,Lee, Hyejung,Yin, Chang Shik 턱관절균형의학회 2019 턱관절균형의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Objectives: "Exploring the origin of acupuncture medicine (針灸逢源)", a classical title of acupuncture medicine in the 19th century, has been reviewed with focus on its impact on the standardization of acupoint in the history of acupuncture medicine as an approach of yin-yang balancing medicine like the Temporomandibular joint Balancing Medicine. Methods: A narrative review of literature was performed with a focus on continuous development and revision of the knowledge system of acupuncture medicine in medical education and clinical application. Results: This title has provided a systematized knowledge on acupoint-acupuncutre including 361 acupoints, acupoint location, and acupoint-meridian association, which was adopted as a frame of core knowledge in modern acupuncture medicine. Critical review and rational reasoning on previously accepted but apparently incongruous strips of knowledge led to the accomplishment of this title. Conclusions: This title provided a revised and standard knowledge system in the field of medical education and clinical practice of acupuncture medicine, and also provided an exemplary model of unrelenting change and development of an approach based on the concept of yin-yang balance such as acupuncture medicine and the Temporomandibular joint Balancing Medicine.

파킨슨병의 한의학적 고찰 -병인병리(病因病理)와 침구요법(鍼灸療法)을 중심으로-

박상민,이상훈,인창식,강미경,장대일,강성길,이윤호,Park, Sang-min,Lee, Sang-hoon,Yin, Chang-shik,Kang, Mi-kyeong,Chang, Dae-il,Kang, Sung-keel,Lee, Yun-ho 대한침구의학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Objective: In order to find oriental medical therapies on Parkinson's disease and to make a fundamental basis for clinical application, this study was performed. Methods: We reviewed 35 kinds of the ancient and modern text, and related articles. Results: Parkinson's disease is an extrapyramidal disease characterized by akinesia, tremor at rest, rigidity, and slowness of movement. In old oriental medical text, Parkinson's disease is described as Jinjeon(振顫), Chi, Gyeong (痙), Gyejong, Ryeon(攣) and Pyeongo(偏枯), Tantan, Jungbu(中腑症) of Jungpung(中風). According to the text, major pathological causes were Wind(風), Fire(火), Phlegm(痰), and Blood stasis(瘀血). And Parkinson's disease can be classified into four clinical types as liver & kidney yin-deficiency, qi & blood deficiency, retention of phlegm-heat, and qi-stagnation & blood stasis. Standardized acupuncture points are GV20, GB20, GV14 on head, CV12, ST25 on abdomen, GV26, ST7, GB1, S14, LI20 on face, LI4, LI11, TE5, SI3, HT3, LI15, SI6 on upper extremity, and ST36, GB34, SP6, LR3, KI1, GB30, BL40 on lower extremity. Other methods, such as scalp acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, and herb-acupuncture, can be applied to treat Parkinson's disease. Conclusions: We find out that there are oriental medical concepts related with Parkinson's disease such as Jinjeon(振顫), Chi, Gyeong (痙), Gyejong, Ryeon(攣) and Pyeongo(偏枯), Tantan, Jungbu(中腑症) of Jungpung(中風), of which major causes are Wind(風), Fire(火), Phlegm(痰), and Blood stasis(瘀血). We can also apply many effective acupuncture points and acupuncture therapies according to differential diagnosis, for example, liver & kidney yin-deficiency. qi & blood deficiency, retention of phlegm-heat, and qi-stagnation & blood stasis.

고객가치 평가를 위한 RFM 모형의 비교 연구

이용구,김인경 중앙대학교 수학통계연구소 2002 수학통계논문집 Vol.- No.9

본 논문에서는 일반적으로 업계에서 사용하고 있는 RFM 모형에 대해 통계적인 접근을 하여 모형을 개선하려 한다. 여러 회사에서는 고객 유지 등을 위해 RFM 모형을 많이 이용하고 있다. RFM 모형은 이해하기 쉬울 뿐만 아니라 통계모형보다도 예측력이 높다고 알려져 있으나 그에 대해 체계적이고 통계적 접근을 한 연구는 드물다. 이처럼 RFM 모형은 체계적이고 학문적인 방법이 아닌 직관적이고 임의적인 방법으로 사용되어 왔다고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 여기서는 RFM 모형의 개선된 모형을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, RFM을 각각 세분화하여 점수를 부여한 후 하위모형에 대해 분산분석을 실시하였다. 또한 일반적으로 업계에서는 5수준으로 세분화하는 경향이 있으나 이는 업체간 특성이 다른 고객을 고려하지 않은 방법이다. 그러므로 여기서는 고객 세분화 수준을 5수준, 3수준, 2수준 모두 고려할 것이다. 그리고 하위모형에 대한 분석은 통계적으로 볼 때 RFM모형이 모든 주효과와 교호작용을 포함한 삼원분산분석(3-way ANOVA) 이라고 할 수 있으며 모형의 주효과와 교호작용 중에 유의하지 않은 변수를 살펴볼 것이다. 둘째, 로지스틱 모형을 이용한 RFM 모형인 경우 RFM 일차항뿐만 아니라 교호작용과 이차항을 고려하였다. 이 경우 정보의 손실을 일으키지 않으며 일차항만을 고려한 것보다 일차항뿐만 아니라 교호작용까지 포함한 모형이 더욱 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 실제 자료에서는 선형모형보다 비선형 모형이 더 적합한 경우가 많다. 이 연구에서는 고차원 통계기법 가운데서 Neural networks를 이용하여 비선형 모형을 고려할 것이다. 실제 분석에서는 통계적 접근을 통해 예측률 및 모형의 설명력을 살펴볼 것이다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 로지스틱 모형과 신경망 모형간의 예측력은 로지스틱 모형이 더 좋다는 결과가 나왔다. 둘째 RFM의 둘째, RFM의 세분화 수준을 다양하게 하여 분석한 결과, 5수준으로 세분화 한 경우가 데이터에 대한 설명력이 가장 좋았다. 셋째, 유의하지 않은 변수(R:Selldte)를 제거하고 다시 분석하였으나 큰 차이는 없었다. RFM score is a way to evaluate the customer value based on the three factors; R(Recency), F(Frequency), and M(Monetary). To calculate the score, we have to combine the above given three factors. But each factor has different measuring unit, and it is not easy to find the weight of each factor for calculating the score. Traditionally they calculate the score based on the categorization of each factors. But based on this method, we cannot calculate the score of individual customers. In this research, we have tried to calculate the RFM score based on the statistical methods, such as ANOVA and logistic regression method. We also tried the neural network methods. In this methods we can calculated the score of the individual customer. We have also tried to compare the statistical methods with traditional ones by applying the models to real data set.

트리에탄올아민의 혼입률 변화에 따른 콘크리트의 초기 강도발현 특성

황인성,金光華,김규동,이승훈,한천구 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(구조계)

In this study, the influence of TEA on early strength development of concrete is discussed in order to reduce a construction period in RC structure by early removal of forms. According to the results, as for the properties of fresh concrete, fluidity of concrete shows no difference, and air content increases with an increase of the mixing ratio of TEA. Setting time is shortened upto mixing ratio of 0.025%, but is retarded above the mixing ratio of 0.025%. The time when compressive strength gains 5MPa is fast in about 2 hours in the case of the mixing ratio of 0.05%, but it is retarded above the mixing ratio of 0.05%. The relativity between compressive strength and the rebound value of P-type Schmidt hammer is also favorable at early age, and compressive strength of 5MPa, which the side forms can be removed, is estimated at the rebound value of 23.

紅花 추출물의 카드뮴 독성 해독 효과 연구

孫仁煥,길인호,李鐘燮,李起男 한국전통의학연구소 1998 한국전통의학지 Vol.8 No.2

A study on the antitoxic effects of Flos Carthami against Cadmium Chloride Toxicity in Live and Kidney of Rats. This study was performed to find out the effect of Flos Carthami against Cadmium toxicity. The experimental rats were divided into 5 groups such as control group, Cadmium alone treatment group, three simultaneous treatment groups of Flos Carthami and cadmium. Rat were given pellets administration with three dosage of Flos Carthami such as 4mg/kg body weight for four weeks. The results were summarized as follows on: 1. The simultaneously administration of Flos Carthami and cadmium significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in liver and kidney tissues compared to the administration of cadmium alone(p<O.05). 2. The simultaneously administration of Flos Carthami and cadmium significantly more increased metallothionein concentration in liver and kidney tissues compared to administration alone(p<O.05).

조기강도 발현형 AE감수제를 사용한 콘크리트의 특성에 관한 연구

황인성,김규동,이승훈,한천구 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2

This study discusses the fundamental properties and early strength development of concrete using AE water reducing agent of early-strength type. According to the result, when AE water reducing agent of early-strength type is used, slump and air content loss is smaller than normal AE water reducing agent. While setting time is retarded with an increase of the adding amount of normal AE water reducing agent, it is maintained constantly regardless of the adding amount and faster than normal AE water reducing agent in the case of AE water reducing agent of early-strength type, and bleeding amount is larger than normal AE water reducing agent especially at early age. At curing temperature of 20℃, early compressive strength gains 5MPa, which side form can be removed, before 16 hours in the case of AE water reducing agent of early-strength type, but early compressive strength development is delayed in the case of normal AE water reducing agent. At curing temperature of 10℃, AE water reducing agent of early-strength type is also better than normal AE water reducing agent especially for early compressive strength development.

블리딩저감용 AE감수제의 개발 및 실용성 검토

황인성,장덕우,김규동,이승훈,한천구 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2

This study is intended to develop AE water reducing agent for reduction of bleeding and investigate its practical use. According to the results, fluidity and air content increases with an increase of superplasticizer and MC viscosity agent, AE water reducing agent for reduction of bleeding is developed after determining the ratio of superplasticizer and MC viscosity agent as 3:1 to satisfy the same fluidity and air content to conventional concrete and reduce bleeding amount. As the adding ratio of developed AE water reducing agent for reduction of bleeding increases, fluidity also increases, air content satisfies the aimed range, bleeding and sinking amount of concrete are reduced, and compressive strength is almost not different from plain concrete. Therefore, developed AE water reducing agent for reduction of bleeding satisfies the aimed air content in the range of slump 12~21cm, and can also reduce bleeding amount effectively without quality deterioration of compressive strength.