退溪의『大學』解釋과 그 意味

최석기 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2005 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.36

이 논문은 퇴계 이황의 『대학』 해석에 대해 구체적으로 그 내용과 특징을 살핀 글이다. 이 글에서 필자는 퇴계의 釋義類 經書解釋과 『대학』에 대한 인식을 먼저 살펴보고, 그의 『대학』 해석을 『대학석의』의 해석과 기타 자료에 산견되는 문인들과 문답한 해석으로 크게 나누어 고찰하였다. 퇴계의 석의류 경서해석은, 15-6세기 학자들이 大全本을 텍스트로 사서삼경을 정밀히 해석하는 과정에서 나타난 여러 종류의 釋義를 모아 정리하고 비평한 것으로, 후대 校正廳本 諺解에 지대한 영향을 끼쳤다. 이런 점에서 퇴계의 석의류 경서해석은 우리나라 경학사상 釋義時代에 생산된 釋義類의 集大成이라 하겠다. 퇴계는 『대학』을 大廈에 비유하고, 여타 경서는 그 대하를 수식하거나 장식하는 부속물로 보았다. 이것이 바로 『대학』을 경학의 根幹으로 보는 그의 經學觀이다. 또한 그는 『대학』을 修己治人之道를 담은 政治書로 보지 않고, 存心出治之本에 해당 하는 修身書로 보았다. 『대학석의』의 내용과 해석성향을 분석해 본 결과, 가장 큰 특징은 총 101항목 중 98항목이 字句의 諺解을 정리한 것이므로 註보다 本文 字句의 정확한 언해에 중점을 두었다는 것이다. 퇴계는 이를 위해, 첫째 語助辭 하나에도 신중을 기하였으며, 둘째 언해로 판가름하기 어려운 부분에 대해서는 한문으로 그 의미를 정밀히 논변했으며, 셋째 字義에 각별한 관심을 갖고 虛辭 등을 분변하였다. 이 가운데 한문 해석이 곁들여진 대목이 그의 『대학』 해석에 있어 주요한 설들이다. 기타 편지글 등에 수록된 『대학』 해석에 관한 자료를 살펴본 결과, 퇴계 『대학』 해석의 주요 특징은 다음과 같이 정리된다. 첫째, 퇴계는 '知止而后有定' 이하를 格物致知傳으로 보는 설에 대해 반대하였다. 둘째, 格物·物格의 해석에 있어 一身의 주재자인 마음이 대상에 있는 이치를 認知하는 것에 대해 정밀하게 논하였다. 셋째, 知止·定·靜·安·慮·得의 해석에 있어, 예컨대 誠意의 경우 誠意가 그칠 바를 알아 意誠을 얻는데 定·靜·安은 그 중간에 있는 것이라고 하여, 주자의 설보다 진전된 해석을 하였다. 넷째, 팔조목 중 誠意·正心·修身에 대한 해석에 있어 성의는 靜時의 存養工夫로 정심과 수신은 動時의 省察工夫로 보아, 意誠한 뒤에도 四有의 偏私處를 없애는 正心을 해야 하고 五僻의 偏私處를 없애는 修身을 해야 하는 것으로 보았다. 다섯째, 正心章의 兼體用說에 대해서는 주자의 설에 따라 心之用만을 말한 것으로 보고, '心不在焉'에 대한 해석에 있어서는 心在軀殼說·心在視聽說 등을 모두 부정하고 主內應外說을 주장하였다. This paper is a detailed research on the contents and features of the Toi-gye(退溪), Yi Hwang(李滉)'s interpretation of [Dae-hak]. In this paper, I inquired into the Toi-gye's classics interpretation of Seok-eui-ryu(釋義類) and his cognition about it at first, and I studied classifying into the interpretation of [Dae-hak-seok-eui(大學釋義)] and several scattered datum like Q&A exchange letters with his pupils. The Toi-gye's classics interpretation of Seok-eui-ryu(釋義類) is a study way of arranging and commenting several kinds of Seok-eui(釋義) while minutely interpret the books of '四書三經' in 15~16th century, and he influenced very greatly in the Korean interpretation of '校正廳本' of next generation. In this point of view, the Toi-gye's classics interpretation of Seok-eui-ryu(釋義類) is a compilation of Seok-eui-ryu which produced in Seok-eui-rye period of Korea. Toi-gye regarded that many other classics are decorations or ornaments if [Dae-hak] is a mansion. This is his very viewpoint of the classics that of [Dae-hak] is the root and the trunk of the study of Confucian classics. And he thought that [Dae-hak] is the moral culture textbook of '存心出治之本' not to the political theory of '修己治人之道'. In view of the results so far achievements, the most outstanding feature is that he concentrated to the accurate Korean literal text interpretation of [Dae-hak] judging from that the 98 items of his book is consisted of Korean interpretation arrangements. Regard for this, Toi-gye paid attention to the choice of each character, and detailed commented with Chinese character on the difficult point of Korean interpretation, and classified the expletive concerning about the exact meaning of each character. The additional Chinese interpretation among this are his major theories of [Dae-hak] interpretation. The result of several datum inspection like other private letters, the major features of the Toi-gye's interpretation of [Dae-hak] is summarized as follows: First, Toi-gye opposed the theory that regard [格物致知傳] below the text of '知止而后有定'. Second, he discussed minutely the principle that the mentality is aware of its object while interpreting of '格物' and '物格' Third, while interpreting '知止·定·靜·安·慮·得'. he suggested a progressed theory than Chu-tzu(朱熹)'s one, for example. '定·靜·安' exist in the middle place when achieve '意誠' in case of '誠意'. Forth, in interpretation of '誠意·正心·修身' among '八條目', he regarded '誠意' as '靜時 存養工夫', and '正心' and '修身' as '動時 省察工夫', more over he insisted that it needs not only '正心' which exclude '四有 偏私處' but also after achieve ‘修身’ which exclude '五僻 偏私處' after achieve '意誠'. Fifth, he followed the Chu-tzu's theory that mentioned about '心之用' for '兼體用說' of the chapter of '正心', however, he insisted '主內應外說' denying '心在軀殼說' and '心在視聽說' for the interpretation of '心不在焉'.

묵수당 崔有海의 『大學』解釋과 그 意味

崔錫起 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2004 남명학연구 Vol.18 No.-

이 글은 묵수당 崔有海(1588-1641)의 경학관과 『대학』해석에 관해 살핀 것이다. 묵수당의 경학관은 懷疑를 통한 義理의 發明, 곧 道를 추구하는 것이었다. 그는 이와 같은 관점으로 先儒의 설만 固執하는 사람들을 拘儒로 보고 墨守主義를 비판하였다. 그리고 이런 경학관으로 경전을 해석하였는데, 특히 『대학』에 관심을 집중하여 아래와 같은 설을 발명하였다. 첫째, 주자의 『대학장구』를 텍스트로 하지 않고 『고본대학』을 취하여 독자적으로 체제를 개편하였는데, 삼강령을 기본골격으로 하여 明明德傳·新民傳·止於至善傳으로 배열한 뒤, 팔조목을 명명덕의 일로 보아 명명덕전에 포함시켰다. 둘째, 명명덕전은 釋明明德·釋格物致知·釋誠意·釋正心修身·釋修身齊家·釋齊家治國·釋治國平天下 순으로 배열하여 대체로 『대학장구』의 체제를 따르고 있다. 셋째, 『대학』의 작자에 대해, 經文 제1절만 孔子의 말씀이고, 경문의 팔조목 공부와 공효를 말한 두 절은 曾子의 말씀이며, 나머지는 모두 傳文으로 후인이 지은 것으로 보았다. 넷째, 明德의 明이 致知로부터 발하기 때문에 명덕이 격물치지로 연결되어야 하고, 평천하도 自明에 해당하는 명명덕이 이루어지는 것이므로 新民과 자연스럽게 연결된다고 하였다. 다섯째, 『대학장구』 경일장의 제2절·제3절·제6절·제7절 및 청송장을 합해 격물치지전을 새롭게 구성하였다. 여섯째, 正心章의 四有를 주자차럼 心之用으로 보지 않고 情이 치성해 방탕해진 것으로 보았다. 일곱째, 평천하장의 혈구에 대해 혈지이구·혈이구지를 모두 취하지 않고, 이혈즉여방이라는 독특한 해석을 제시하였다. 여덟째, 평천하장의 제6절부터 제10절까지의 다섯 절을 제18절 뒤로 옮겨놓았다. 아홉째, 지어지선전을 功效로 보고 『중용』에서처럼 五引詩로 끝맺었다고 주장하였다. This article is a research on Muk-su-dang(묵수당), Choi Yu-hae(崔有海, 1588-1641)'s view of Chinese classical study and the interpretation of [Dae-hak(『大學』)]. His view of study was seeking after 'Tao(道)' which means the invention of theory through skepticism. With this viewpoint, he criticized for the conservatism scholars who adhere former scholar’s theories defining as 'Gu-yu(拘儒)'. The outline of his [Dae-hak] interpretation is summarized as follows; The first, he re-edited the system of [Dae-hak] independently to select the text of [Go-bon-dae-hak(『古本大學』)] not of [Dae-hak jang-gu(『大學章句』)]. And he put Pal-jo-mok(팔조목) in 'Myoung-myoung-deok jeon(明明德傳)' because he regarded it as the item of 'Myoung-myoung-deok(明明德)' after arranging it in order of 'Myoung-myoung-deok-jeon(明明德傳)', 'Sin-min-jeon(新民傳)', 'Ji-eo-ji-seon-jeon(止於至善傳)' on the base of 'Sam-gang-ryoung(三綱領)'. The second, he followed the system of [Dae-hak] in general through arranging it in order of '釋明明德·釋格物致知·釋誠意·釋正心修身·釋修身齊家·釋齊家治國·釋治國平天下'. The third, upon the author of [Dae-hak], he insisted that only the first sentence of 'Gyeong-mun(經文)' is Confucious' words and the both study and its effect of 'Pal-jo-mok(八條目)' are Jeung-ja(曾子)'s one, and the rests of 'Jeon-mun(傳文)' are the mention of posterities. The forth, he insisted that 'Myeong-deok(明德)' should be link to 'Gyeok-mul-chi-ji(格物致知)' because '明' of '明德' is derived from '致知', and '平天下' should be link to '新民' naturally because of '明明德' of '自明' too. The fifth, he newly organized '格物致知傳' by uniting from chapter 2 to 7 of '經-章' of [Dae-hak-jang-gu] and '청송장'. The sixth, he regarded '四有' of '正心章' as the dissipation of '情' not '心之用' like Ju-ja. The seventh, upon the '혈구' in the chapter of '平天下', he suggested an peculiar interpretation that it is '이혈즉여방' not to select the interpretation of '혈지이구·혈이구지' at all. The eighth, he moved the 5 chapters from 6 to 10 of '平天下' to the next position of the chapter 18. The ninth, upon '止於至善傳', he regarded it as the category of effect(功效) and insisted that it finished with '五引詩' like [Jung-yong(『中庸』)]

연천 홍석주의 학문성향과 『대학』 해석의 특징

최석기 ( Seok Ki Choi ) 우리한문학회 2006 漢文學報 Vol.15 No.-

로드셀을 이용한 직물의 신축성 측정에 관한 연구

최정수,김은석,주기세,왕지남 한국경영과학회 2002 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.1(1)

So far, the common elasticity data of textile fabrics has not been present because the method depends on the knowledge of measurement operators. In this paper, the new measurement equipment using road cell is presented to measure the coefficient of textile fabrics in real time. The measurement method is based on the volt: among textile fabrics. The textiles with strong elasticity are high voltage produced from others are low. The presented method can be applied to visualize the textile, sew the cloth, contrc textile fabrics. Also, these measurement datum are used to B2B electronic trading system.

한의진단명과 진단요건의 표준화 연구 III : 3차년도 연구결과 보고

최선미,양기상,최승훈,박경모,박종현,심범상,김성우,노석선,이인선,정진홍,이진용,김달래,임형호,김윤범,박성식,송태원,김종우,이승기,최윤정,신순식 한국한의학연구원 1997 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.3 No.1

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the third year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : - analyzing and differentiating of epidemic febrile disease - analyzing and differentiating in accordance with the Sasang constitution medicine based on four-type recognition - differentiation of disease according to pathological changes of Chong and Ren channels - standards for diagnosis of women's disease - standards for diagnosis of children's disease - standards for diagnosis of motor and sensor disturbance (-muscle. born, joint, etc.) - standards for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disease - standards for diagnosis of five sense organ disease - standards for diagnosis of external disease The indivisual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs, the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern, discrimination of diagnosis pattern, prognosis, a way of curing a disease, prescription, herbs in common use, disease appearing the diagnosis pattern, documents. The standards for diagnosis of each disease was arranged by the diagnostic requirements in the following order : another name, notion of disease, the main point of diagnosis, analyzing and differentiating of disease, analysis of disease, discrimination of disease, prognosis, a way of curing and prescription of disease, disease in western medicine appearing the disease in oriental medicine, documents.

Actinomycin D가 거세된 휜쥐 섭호선의 미세구조에 미치는 영향

최춘근,고기석,이재익 연세대학교 자연과학연구소 1985 學術論文集 Vol.15 No.-

정상인 흰쥐의 섭호선 조직과 거세를 시켜서 androgen의 영향을 억제시킨 흰쥐의 섭호선 조직, 그리고 거세시킨 후 actinomycin D를 투여하여 이와 같은 항생물질이 섭호선에 주는 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하고 위의 각 군에서 조직화학적인 방법을 이용하여 acid phosphatase의 반응을 전자 현미경으로 관찰하였다. 이 결과 거세시킨 흰쥐의 섭호선 세포에서 세포소기관의 소멸, 미세융모의 퇴화등 변화를 나타내었고, androgen의 영향이 없을 경우 세포의 대사이상을 나타내었고, actinomycin D를 처리하였을 경우 핵의 chromatin mass의 증가, 세포막의 파괴와 라이소좀이 증가되는 경향을 나타내었다. acid phosphatase의 반응은 거세된 흰쥐 세포에서 핵과 세포질에 분포하나 actinomycin D를 투여한 군에서는 주로 핵에 분포하는 경향을 나타내었다. Ultrastructural changes of prostates of the normal rats, castrated rats and actinomycin D treated castrated rats are studied with electron microscope. In addition, reaction of acid phosphatase is studied by histochemical method in each group. Disappearance of cell organells, (mitochondria, ER) degeneration of microvilli are characteristically observed in the castrated rat prostate. Increase of chromatin mass, destruction of cell membrane are seen in the actinomycin D treated castrated rat prostate. Reaction products of acid phosphatase are ubiquitous in nucleus and cytoplasm of the castrated rat prostate, but this reaction is predominant in nucleus of the actinomycin D treated castrated rat prostate.

신경회로망을 이용한 한글모음인식에 관한 연구

최승호,김자룡,이기영,최갑석 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 1989 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.8 No.-

In this paper, Recognition of HANGUL Vowel using a neural network is studied. In general, Back-propagation is applied for the speech recognition, but has too much computational time for learning. The method using peak information of speech signal is used for the purpose of reduction of computational time. The speech spectrum of a vowel consists of the sixteen frame and a frame is divided by the sixteen hand and binary code 1,0 is used as input data corresponding to whether peaks exist or not, respectively, on each band in frequency spectrum. The experimental result show that the learning number is reduced remarkably and the recognition rate is improved according to increasing ratio of learning and unlearning data.

南冥과 葛川의 思想的 基底와 現實對應 樣相

崔錫起 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2002 남명학연구 Vol.13 No.-

This paper is a research on the thinking basis and aspect of adapting reality represented by Nan-myeong(南冥) and Gal-cheon(葛川). I found next tendencies in each of their thinking basis by looking into the gener of 'bu(賦)' written by them, provisionally. 1. Nam-myeong regarded a fundamental problem as important; Gal-cheon considered a practical use in reality as important. 2. Nam-myeong pursued internal perfection of morality ; Gal-cheon pursued external enlightenment of morality. 3. Nam-myeong made an effort to cultivate his mind through practicing the virtue of self-development ; 'jon-yang(存養)', 'seong-chal(省察)', 'geuk-gi(克己)' ; Gal-cheon wished to make 'the reign of peace(太平聖代)' entering to the world with his frugal virtue. 4. Nam-myeong placed more importance on 'su-gi(修己)' than 'chi-in(治人)' ; Gal-cheon placed more importance on 'chi-in(治人)' than 'su-gi(修己)'. And I deduced next characters in the aspect of the adaption in reality considering their 'memorial to the Throne(上疏文)'. About the time when 'eul-myo-sa-jik-so(乙卯辭職宵)' was offered by Nam-myeong in 1555, he criticized severely the tumultuous national situation, and suggested its essential relief measures to King Myeong-jong(明宗). On the other hand, at that time, Gal-cheon pursued 'the contentment with poverty and delight in the Way(安貧樂道)' after retiring from the official position of 'cham-bong(參奉)', and did not show any criticism for political or social condition in particular. When the government engaged both of them as a Nester at the throne changing era between Myeong-jong(明宗) and Seon-jo(宣祖) about 10 years later from 1555, Gal-cheon served in the government with 'hyeon-gam(縣監)' and 'mok-sa(牧使)'(names of county governor) responding to the recommendation, but Nam-myeong never entered into the official position after all. However, they cried for the reform of politic sphere each other. Nam-myeong pointed out the fundamental problems & principles with memorial to the Throne demanding sovereign must practice 'the rule of virtue(王道)' showing his own initiative, but Gal-cheon emphasized the relief measure concerning public welfare indicating the realistic problems. In addition, the Nam-myeong and Gal-cheon's principles on official position showed different aspect. Nam-myeong was eager to the actualization of 'the rule of virtue' regarding himself as an executer for 'King Yao and Shun's Tao(堯舜之道)', and did not want to get the position by departing from his principle at not proper time. Thus, he made himself as a man of virtue keeping the dominant principle. Differ from Nam-myeong, however, Gal-cheon pursued the life of 'the contentment with poverty and delight in the Way' after retiring from the official position of 'cham-bong' in 1555, and it was derived from his avoid-make-trouble tendency with peripheral environments. Although it was a fact, Gal-cheon never gave up the will of 'administrating the state to relieve the people's suffering(經世濟民)', so he entered into the official position consequently. This is the Gal-cheon's right view of 'haeng-youg-sa-jung「用行舍藏 : If recommended, practicing Tao with taking up position. And if discarded, possessing his own Tao lonelily」'.

星湖 李瀷의 詩經解釋에 나타난 經世觀 : 求賢意識을 중심으로

崔錫起 慶尙大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.29 No.2

The Book of Odes(Shih-ching), one of the Confucian dlassics, had long been regarded as the paradigm of poetry in traditional East Asia. Because of their indulgence in N대-Confucian orthodoxy, the scholar-poets of early Yi dynasty Korea accepted the moralistic interpretation of the Book of Odes by Chu Hsi(1130-1200) as inviolabel canon in approaching the Book. Attempts at original interpretation of the Book, however, had appeared in Yi Korea since the late seventeenth century. The movement for critical re-examination of the Book was practiced mainly by the famous Sirhak ("Practical Learning") thinkers of the early eighteenth century. Yi Ik (1681∼1763), one of Sirhak thinkers understood the Book of Odes largely within the moralistic framework of interpretation provided by Chu Hsi. In doing so, however, he improved on Chu Hsi's exegeses of the Book by developing his own insights into select passages of the Book based on his speculative criticism. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the originality of Yi Ik's interpretation of the Book by comparing his political-oriented interpretation with Chu Hsi's commentaty, the representative one of traditional commentaries. Yi Ik's interpretation of the Book is based on his political orientation to reality which, in other words, can be epiomized by selecting a good and wise man to achieve a peaceful reign. His claims to taking a good and wise man into goverment service is completely reflected in his interpretation of the Book. It can be assumed that his political-oriented interpretation of the Book is connected with his practcal and realistic attitude to learning in general. With this academic attitude in mind, he made efforts to revitalize the atmosphere of his contemporary science and learning and especially to reform the imperial examination system and so forth. It was from his efforts that he emphasized on the will of a ruler to take a man of ability into government and on the accomplishment of a good politics resulted from the meeting of a wise ruler and his good subjects. Consequently Yi Ik's interpretation of the Book cannot be seperated from his political thinking of achiveing of a peaceful reign which can be realized only by the cooperation of a wise ruler and his wise subjects.

후하소뇌동맥 동맥류에 의해 유발된 안면경련

최석근,이봉암,고준석,임영진,김국기,김태성 경희대학교 2004 慶熙醫學 Vol.20 No.1