한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

전자렌지 조립작업자에서 발생한 경견완증후군의 조사 연구(Ⅱ) : 진찰 및 검사소견을 중심으로 A Review on the Findings of the Examinations

박종,김양옥,류소연,하상호,박병권 大韓産業醫學會 1995 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.7 No.2

경견완증후군 소견자가 발생한 모 전자렌지 조립 작업장의 작업자 313명 중 설문조사에서 경견완 부위에 증상을 호소하는 137명(43.8%)에 대하여 건강진단을 실시하여 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건강진단의 주요 소견 양성율은 자발통이 94.9%, 운동통이 62.0%, 근압통이 78.1%, X-선 촬영이상 54.7%, Morley검사 28.5%등이었다. 2. 남자에서 목부위의 근압통의 정도는 좌·우 악력과 음의 상관을 보였으며, 팔꿈치 부위의 근압통은 잔업량이 많을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 여자에서는 목부위의 근압통의 정도는 좌·우 악력과 음의 상관을, 잔업량과는 양의 상관을 보였으며, 신장이 적을수록 손목부위의 압통을 심하게 호소하였다(p<0.05). 3. 근경결은 여성에서, 근무기간이 증가할수록 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다.(p<0.01). 4. 건강진단 결과와 자각증상과의 연관성을 분석한 결과 X-선 촬영 이상여부는 목과 어깨의 통증, 다리의 피곤감과 관련이 있었다. 근경결 여부는 손, 손목, 손가락의 저림 증상과 유의한 관련이 있었고, Morley 검사는 손목과 손의 불편감, 등의 불편감이나 통증 등의 증상과 유의한 관련이 있었다. 목 부위의 근압통은 목과 어깨의 통증 그리고 손목, 손, 손가락의 저림 등과 유의한 관련이 있었으며 어깨 부위의 근압통은 목과 어깨의 통증, 전신 피로 증상과 유의한 관련이 있었다.(p<0.05). 5. 근압통이 있는 군에서 없는 군에 비해 일상 생활 도중에 겪는 고통 중 상지 부위의 고통 호소수가 유의하게 많았으며(p<0.05), 근전도 검사에서 양성인 경우 음성에 비해 신경정신계통에 나타나는 고통 호소수가 유의하게 많았다.(p<0.05). 결론적으로 경견완장해의 등급과 병형 진단에 있어서 자각증상과 건강진단 결과와는 밀접한 연관성이 있었으며, 근경결, 근압통, X-선 촬영 그리고 Morley 검사 등이 유용할 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 자각증상의 주관적인 요소를 가능한 한 배제할 수 있도록 자각증상을 객관화하는 노력과 방법들의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각한다. To find the severity and the type of the cervicobrachial syndrome, through physical examinations and laboratory tests were made toward 137 patients complaining the cervicobrachial syndrome(CBS) through the health interview among 313 workers occupied in a microwave-oven assembling factory from December 1993 to February 1994. Results were as follows. 1. The prevalence of spontaneous pain was 94.9%, while 78.1% suffered from muscle tenderness, 63.5% suffered from muscle induration and 62.0% showed kinesalgia. 54.7% of patients showed positive cervical X-ray findings and 28.5% showed positive Morley test. 2. The muscle induration was associated with the total duration of the job among female workers. 3. The severity of neck tenderness was negatively correlated with the strength of the grip at both hands, positively correlated with the duration of overtime in male and the severity of the wrist tenderness was negatively correlated with the height in female. 4. X-ray findings, muscle induration. Morley test results, muscle tenderness on the neck and muscle tenderness on the shoulder were associated with subjective symptoms of the workers. 5. The muscle tenderness was associated with the number of the complaints at upper extremities among the sufferings in daily life significantly and the electromyogram(EMG) finding was associated with the number of the complaints about neuropsychological system among the sufferings in daily life significantly. In conclusion, the results of the physical examination were related with the subjective symptoms of the cervicobrachial syndrome. The muscle induration, the muscle tenderness, cervical X-ray findings and the Morley test results were more useful for the diagnosis of CBS. More efforts to objectify the subjective symptoms were asked.

영어를 모국어로 사용하는 교사에 의한 영어지도의 실험연구

朴商玉 弘益大學校 1981 弘大論叢 Vol.13 No.-

An experimental study was made to verify a general assumption that foreign languages are best taught by native foreign language teachers. The study lasted one semester in Hong-Ik University. For that purpose, English Reading subject was taught by a native English professor and Korean professor alternately in one class(experimental group). The other randomly selected class, on the other hand, was taught by a Korean English professor (control group). A proficiency test was administered twice to both groups, one at the beginning (pre-test) and the other at the end of the semester (post-test) respectively. Sometime during the latter half of the semester the students were also given a mid-term exam. Finally the experimental group took part in an opinion servey around the end of the semester. Statistical analyses showed that the control group improved more than the experimental group in the proficiency test as a whole, although average English proficiency of both groups had been regarded as same at the beginning of the semester. The control group also excelled the experimental group in the mid-term exam. Besides, in the opinion survery, the experimental group pointed out the lack of classroom hours (two hours a week). It is concluded that the effectiveness of English teaching by a native English teacher was not verified in this particular case. The writer hopes that more similar studied will be made under various conditions for longer period of tiem. Ⅰ. 서 언 Ⅱ. 실험내용 Ⅲ. 실험결과분석 Ⅳ. 요약 및 결론

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1636에 의한 Aliphatic Hydrocarbon의 분해

박성오,김영옥 서울여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2000 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.12 No.-

This study was for growth of Pseudomonas aureginosa 1636 utilizing petroleum and n-alkanes as a carbon source and its degradation. The optimal conditions for cell growth rate were 1.0% petroleum and initial pH 8.0 at 32℃∼37℃. Additionally, P. aureginosa 1636 showed the highest emulsifying activity at pH 8 after 5 days among other pH. P. aureginosa 1636 could use several kinds of n-alkanes (octane, dodecane, hexadecane, eicosane, tetracosane and octacosane) as a carbon source and its growth rate was high at the use of eicosane or tetracosane. GC-MS result showed that n-alkanes of petroleumn such as C8, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16 were decreased for 5, 10 days and large quantities of petroleum were degraded. P. aureginosa 1636 was able to degrade n-alkanes of petroleumn such as C8, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15 and C16 and use as a carbon source for growth.

소나무類의 組織 培養

朴炳益,高大植,洪性玉,崔萬峰 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1974 農大論文集 Vol.5 No.-

The method and medium for obtaining callus and maintaining growth in tissue culture of koraiensis, P. rigida, P densiflora and P. thunbergii were adopted and the results are summarized as follows : 1. When cultivated in the Whites medium with each of seed extracted natural media, P. koraiensis only formed callus but P. rigida, P. densiflora and P,. thunbergii formed none. 2. When P. koraiensis was cultivated in a Whites medium modified by chestnut seed extract, firm brown callus was initiated at an explanat of it and has been successfully growing for 5 months.3. As for Korean pine seed extract, a higher concentration (75~90 mg/ℓ) inhibited the callus formation at an explant of P. koraiensis more than a lower concentration (15~30 mg/ℓ) but as for the chestnut extract, the opposited was the case. 4. The longer the size of explants on the culturing medium was, the less callus formation was made.

大學生의 思考技能의 診斷과 改善에 關한 硏究 : It's Diagnosis and Improvement

朴鎭玹,金武吉,金祥源,朴敬玉,羅東晋 全北大學校 學生生活硏究所 1988 學生生活硏究 Vol.16 No.-

Cognitive psychologists have taken a growing interest in reasoning skills as a primary goal of education. This study was accomplished as a part of elementary research on reasoning skills that have been pointed out as short comings of teaching of thinking. This study was composed of two substudies : one was to explore the ways to analyzing and diagnosing strategies for college students to apply to reasoning and problem solving, and the other was to examine the teachability of a normative strategy of thinking. In the first part of this study, we explored three alternatives to analyze thinking skills : cognitive process analysis, cognitive structure analysis, and cognitive style analysis ; and suggested the integrative use of them in diagnosing the cognitive skill of reasoning and problem solving. Model of cognitive process analysis was to devide the executive process of a specific task into several subtasks or components, measure the amount of effort, response time, and achievement level for each of them, and thereby analyze the strategies of thinking. Model of cognitive structure analysis was to present subject a specific task, instruct him to think aloud those ideas that came into his head during this solution, and analyze his cognitive structure on the base of his thinking-aloud. Finally, model of cognitive style analysis put more stress on tendency in thinking rather than ability in problem solving. In this regard, a alternative presented in this study was to analyze the strategies of thinking according to Baron's cognitive style model, in which process of thinking activity was devided into four phases : search of goal, search of possibility, search of evidence, and use of evidence. For each of them, the amount of time and effort that the indevidual invested and patterns of value that he grant would become criteria for judging the strategies that would become criteria for judging the strategies that he might use in the process of thinking activities for reasoning and problem solving. In result, this should correspond to measure biases on thinking. In general, main biases on thinking could be referred to insufficient search, search biased toward affirmative evidence, and oversensitivity to supporting evidence, which corresponded to compulsiveness vs. reflectiveness, dogmatism vs. open-mindedness, and authoritarianism, from a point of view on cognitive style, respectively. In the second part of this study, we examined the general principles of teaching thinking skills, based on human informations processing, and several training programs that have been developed with the purpose of improvement in thinking and reasoning skills. These programs were discussed into five categories: (1) cognitive operations approaches, (2) heuristics oriented approaches, (3) formal thinking approaches, (4) symbolic facility approaches, and (5) thinking-about-thinking approaches. Within these programs, the expansion of strategies and control of cognitive styles in reasoning and problem solving have become the main targets for improving of thinking skills. Therefore, this study was attempted to develop two training programs―referred to as Problem-Solving Training Program and Reasoning Skill Training Program respectively― for the purpose of improving these skills, and to test the effectiveness of these programs with college students. This study has shown the following facts : 1) It is necessary to teach the basic strategies for solving cognitive tasks of subject matters such as writing and mathematical problem for the purpose of improving thinking skills. 2) It is necessary to change the relatively general tendency in thinking process such as cognitive styles, in parallel with training of strategies. 3) Also, the training programs must consider indevidual defferences in activity parameters such as self-knowledge about problem solving, motivation, belief, etc. These facts seemed to imply the necessity of multi-dimensional approach to training the thinking skills.

UASB 반응기에서 제지폐수 처리를 위한 생물학적 속도론 모델에 관한 연구

박승조,이성식,전성균,김 광,신미옥,김미양,이영상 東亞大學校 大學院 1993 大學院論文集 Vol.18 No.-

The granulation of sludge in the UASB reactor is beneficial to stable operation of the reactor at a high volumetric COD loading rate and high hydraulic loading rate, because it improves the setting ability of sludge and the granular sludge acquired has high methanogenic activity. The design of integral biogas?/liquid/solids seperators varies among suppliers of UASB technology. Comples, soluble organic compounds are the first to be hydrolyzed (Stage 1) to simple organics. These simple organics are converted by acid-forming bacteria to C₄H?COOH, C₃H?COOH, CH₃COOH, H₂ and CO₂ in a acidogenic phase(STAGE 2). The higher organic acids are subsequently converted to CH₃COOH and H₂(Stag 3) by acetogenic bacteria. The final step(Stage 4) to produce CH₃ is carried out by me-thano-bacterium. The kinetics of anaerobic digestion of paper wastewaters largely depends on the environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the kinetics of methane production from paper was tewaters in the UASB. A four-step reaction mechanism was proposed for modeling methanogenesis of anaerobic treatment of paper waterwaters.

조선시대 여자예복에 나타난 문양고찰

박옥련,여상미 경성대학교 2000 論文集 Vol.21 No.1

As a result of examining patterns of woman's ceremonial dress in chosun era, on the formal dress of a queen were pheasant drawing and small flowers packed drawing in a line formation on deep blue silk, And there are dragon patterns coated with gold foil on red violet ornamental patch along the end of collar, sleeve and Doryun. A ceremonial dress of prince's wife and royal grandson's spouse has phoenix pattern. Looking at a ceremonial dress of woman, on crimson silk ground were embroidered with ripples, rocks, herbs of eternal youth, mother phoenixes, child phoenixes, butterflies. lotuses, peonies and youngsters, meaning the longevity an favorable auspices. Besides that, sentences such as 'A good harmony between man and woman', 'Wish for good luck', 'Longer life like a mountain' and 'Richer wealth like sea', etc. were ornamented. A ceremonial dress of a queen was colored with either red violet or red orange, and a drawing of phoenixes on clouds was fabricated with either red violet or red silk cord. For a big which was fabricated with gold threads designing five claws dragons draped with clouds. For a brief ceremonial dress, Hyungbae(chest decoration to describe ranking) was attached which was fabricated with gold threads designing double phoenixes. Beyond just depiction of decoration of natural things, symbolic expressions were made into patterns based on a belief that there are spelling power in the world to exert the absolute power unable of being compared with human mere ability.

염분적응에 따른 뱀장어 표피의 미세 구조적 변화 : Ⅰ. 상피세포 Ⅰ. Epithelial Cell

박인식,김진정,조운복,박상옥 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1995 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.11 No.-

뱀장어, Anguilla japonica의 표피를 구성하는 주종 세포인 상피세포는 80Å 정도의 많은 당김세사를 함유하고 있어서 표피의 골격 유지에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 회유행동 측성에 의해, 성숙된 뱀장어는 바다로 나가게 되고 표피는 급격한 환경변화를 겪게 되는데 그 현상들을 살펴보면 먼저 상해반응으로 세포 내의 과립 형질내세망의 내강이 확장되는 현상과 다양한 크기의 공포의 증가로 인해 상피세포들 사이의 공간이 확장되며 일부 세포에서는 괴사 또는 변성되는 형태인 다층층판구조를 갖기도 한다. 이에 대한 능동적 대퍼로 부착반쪽으로 모이는 당김세사들이 일정한 방향성을 갖게 되며, 상피세포 사이의 연접부위에 부착반의 수가 증가되며, 미토콘드리아, 형질내세망 등 세포소기관이 발달되고, 분비과립의 증가 등 분비양상이 증가되고, 능동적인 염배출과 연관된 핵상부의 중앙축을 따라 미토콘드리아 및 과립 형질내세망이 풍부한 세포도 나타났다. 이와 같은 변화는 염분농도의 증가에 따른 환경적요인에 의해 일어나는 상피세포의 기능적 방어기작이라고 사료된다. The epidermis of the Korean eel, Anguilla japonicus, was examined for the study of structural and funcional adaptation mechanism by change in external environment during the migration from fresh water to sea water. The epithelial cell which was observed in the eel epidermis is characterized by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic tonofilaments that attributes to the epithelial structures. Many structural changes were occured in the epithelial cell according to adaptation of high concentration of salt solution. First, Structural lesions were observed. The lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and myelin figures which was suspected to necrosis or denaturation were noted. Extensive cytoplasmic vacuolations were appeared, which caused increase of the intercellular space. Second, active responsive mechanism against the structural lesions in high salinity were observed. Cytoplasmic tonofilaments which attached to desmosome have orientation from central to peripheral region and then aggregrated each other. And number of desmosomes was increased between the cells. The cell organelles which contained mitochondria, small vesicles, et al. were more developed and number and amount of secretory granules were increased than fresh water adapted eel epithelial cell. Mitochondria- and rough endoplasmic reticulum-rich cells which related to active salt secretion were appeared.

초등 영어 교육의 방향

朴商玉 弘益大學校 1993 弘大論叢 Vol.25 No.1

English education in some Korean elementary schools has been in practice sine 1982 as one of their extracurricular activities. It has generally been supported based on the following basic assumption; the earlier, the better, as far as languae education is concerned. It is said that the Ministry of Education is to encourage all public elementary schools to teach English as one of their regular subjects for the upper graders. This paper, however, proposes that the government authorities reconsider their decision about its implementation. When all things are considered-teachers, available time allotments and so on, it is feared that there will be more lost than earned. That conclusion is drawn from data gathered by the writer while she was staying in America during the 1991-1992 academic year. Her two daughters served as subjecs. It is suggested that both money and efforts be invested in making the optimal English classroom environment rather than expanding English education to the elementary grade levels.