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Trade liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan
( Muhammad Zakaria ),( Hasnain A. Naqvi ),( Bashir A. Fida ),( Syed Jawad Hussain ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2014 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.19 No.3
The paper studies the impact of trade liberalization on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan using quarterly data from 1972 to 2010. The findings suggest that there is a significant positive relation between trade liberalization and FDI. The results are robust under alternative trade liberalization measures and different model specifications. The results indicate that the factors that drive foreign investment have a differential impact on FDI flows to Pakistan. Specifically, human and physical capitals, capital return, infrastructure development, terms of trade and urbanization promote FDI in Pakistan. Foreign debt and inflation lead to deteriorating foreign investment in the country. Another important finding is that the effect of trade liberalization on FDI has been augmented after the inception of a flexible exchange rate system in Pakistan. However, this result is not robust to alternative equation specifications.
Banking Deregulations and Unemployment in South Asia
( Muhammad Zakaria ),( Rida Risalat ),( Bashir A. Fida ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소(구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2015 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.30 No.4
The paper empirically examines the effects of banking deregulations on overall and youth unemployment rates in South Asian countries using panel data for the period 1991 to 2005. The results show that banking deregulations have decreased the youth unemployment rate in the region. The results also reveal that high consumption level, per capita income and bank credit have reduced the unemployment rate, while bank crisis and high wage rate have increased the unemployment rate in the region. The results suggest that banking liberalization may help to reduce unemployment particularly youth unemployment in South Asian countries.
Productivity Shocks and Nominal Exchange Rate Variability: a Case Study of Pakistan
( Muhammad Zakaria ),( Eatzaz Ahmad ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2009 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.24 No.1
This paper empirically examines the impact of productivity shocks on nominal exchange rate movements of Pak-rupee against currencies of its major trading partners using quarterly time-series data for the flexible exchange rate period (1983Q1 to 2006Q4). By taking into account the endogeneity problem the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) provides results that are consistent with the theoretical predictions. The results suggest that variability in bilateral nominal exchange rates is explained in part by relative productivity differentials in the tradable and nontradable sectors both at home and abroad.
An overview of the role of ionic liquids in biodiesel reactions
Nawshad Muhammad,Yasir A. Elsheikh,Muhammad Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib,Zakaria Man,Ihsnullah khan,Aqeel Ahmed Bazmi,Rahmat Ali Khan,Hidayatullah Khan,Sikander Rafiq 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.21 No.1
The concerns on the depleting petroleum resources and increasing environmental problems have driventhe scientific community worldwide to develop large-scale non-petroleum-based alternative fuels, suchas bioethanol and biodiesel. Biodiesel produced through the transesterification of vegetable oils oranimal fats are highly attractive. On the other hand, ionic liquids which possess properties that aremoreenvironmental friendly have found significant applications as solvents and catalysts for reaction andseparation. It is also beginning to find its way in many of the chemical process applications and hasattracted significant attention including biodiesel production. This paper provides a brief overview onthe feasibility of applying ionic liquids in biodiesel production for the purpose of powering diesel enginesfor transportation and utility generation. The potential of applying ionic liquids as catalyst and solventfor enzymatic production of biodiesel from feedstock is particularly highlighted.
Effect of Surfactant on Breakdown Strength Performance of Transformer Oil-Based Nanofluids
Zainuddin Nawawi,Muhammad Faris Baharuddin,Izzah Hazirah Zakaria,Mohd Hafizi Ahmad,Aulia,Muhammad Abu Bakar Sidik,Muhammad Irfan Jambak 대한전기학회 2019 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.14 No.1
Many approaches to improve the transformer oil characteristics have been made by adding nanofillers into the liquids, but it has caused the existence of sedimentation and agglomeration thereby resulting in incompatibility of transformer oil. In view of foregoing, this paper aims to study the impact of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant added with the nanofiller in improving the compatibility and agglomeration issues towards improvement of breakdown voltage (BDV) characteristics of oil nanofluids. This study was carried out by implementing three different percentages of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) nanofillers along with CTAB as surfactant into the mineral oil. The breakdown voltage test was carried out accordance to IEC 60156 standard. The results show that the inclusion of 0.1 wt% SiO2 and 0.1 wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles into mineral oil have improved the BDV. Meanwhile, Al2O3 nanofluids with 0.075 wt% CTAB had good impact on BDV but not on SiO2. This case has reverse behavior with the sedimentation which 0.1 wt% CTAB in SiO2 nanofluids has a good response but not the whole in Al2O3 nanofluids. This could be mainly due to the limitation stability of the nanofluids.
Zakaria Mohd Aizuddin,Abdul Razab Mohammad Khairul Azhar,Adenan Mohd Zulfadli,Ahmad Muhammad Zabidi,Tajudin Suffian Mohamad,Samson Damilola Oluwafemi,Abdul Aziz Mohd Zahri 한국원자력학회 2024 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.56 No.1
Ceramic materials are being explored as alternatives to toxic lead sheets for radiation shielding due to their favorable properties like durability, thermal stability, and aesthetic appeal. However, crafting effective ceramics for radiation shielding entails complex processes, raising production costs. To investigate local viability, this study evaluated Malaysian ceramic tiles for shielding in diagnostic X-ray rooms. Different ceramics in terms of density and thickness were selected from local manufacturers. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) characterized ceramic compositions, while Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (MC PHITS) simulations determined Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half-value Layer (HVL), Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC), and Mean Free Path (MFP) within the 40–150 kV energy range. Comparative analysis between MC PHITS simulations and real setups was conducted. The C3–S9 ceramic sample, known for homogeneous full-color structure, showcased superior shielding attributes, attributed to its high density and iron content. Notably, energy levels considerably impacted radiation penetration. Overall, C3–S9 demonstrated strong shielding performance, underlining Malaysia’s potential ceramic tile resources for Xray room radiation shielding.
Muhammad Cahyadi,Tommy Wibowo,Ahmad Pramono,Zakaria Husein Abdurrahman 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.4
The objective of this study was to detect three non-halal meat products consisted of dog, pork, and rat species in meatball using novel multiplex-PCR with 12S rRNA gene as target sites. A total of 33 self-made meatballs were used, and they were grouped into eleven types of meatball based on meat species origin contained in the meatballs. Each type consisted of three meatballs. Extraction of genomic DNA from the meatballs was used as a DNA template for simplex-, duplex-, and multiplex-PCR processes. The result of simplex-PCR, duplex-PCR, and multiplex-PCR showed that the 12S rRNA primer gene successfully amplified DNA for each species bovine, dog, pig, and rat, which are respectively indicated by 155, 244, 357, and 491 bp of DNA bands. In addition, multiplex-PCR with 12S rRNA gene primers can be uniquely and accurately used for detection bovine, dog, pig, and rat species on beef meatball in one reaction.
Nawshad Muhammad,Zakaria Man,M. Azmi Bustam,M.I. Abdul Mutalib,Sikander Rafiq 한국공업화학회 2013 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.19 No.1
In this work, nitrile-based ionic liquids (ILs) i.e., 1-propyronitrile-3-butylimidazolium chloride [C2CNBim]Cl, 1-propyronitrile-3-allylimidazolium chloride [C2CNAim]Cl, 1-propyronitrile-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazolium chloride [C2CN HEim]Cl and 1-propyronitrile-3-benzyllimidazolium chloride [C2CN Bzim]Cl were used as pre-treatment solvent for the extraction of lignin from bamboo biomass. The pre-treatment process was investigated with respect to several factors such as the types of ionic liquid cation used, the effect of pretreatment temperature and time, sample loading and particle size, the effect of recycling the ionic liquid on lignin extraction and the effect of multi-extraction to enhance the recovery of lignin which were collectively found to have an impact on the lignin extraction as a whole. The crystallinity of the cellulose-rich material obtained from the extraction was analyzed using XRD while the extracted lignin was characterized using FTIR, NMR, TGA and elemental analysis. From the XRD analysis, the crystallinity of the cellulose-rich material obtained after treatment with the synthesized nitrile-based ILs was found to remain the same. Among the nitrile-based ILs used, [C2CN Bzim]Cl demonstrate the best performance for the extraction process in a predetermined condition (T = 120 8C,t = 24 h) where 53% of the lignin from the bamboo was successfully extracted. This was confirmed from the FTIR and NMR analysis showing the characteristic peaks indicating the presence of lignin in the spectra of the respective samples tested.
Ariyanti Sarwono,Zakaria Man,Alamin Idris,Amir Sada Khan,Nawshad Muhammad,Cecilia Devi Wilfred 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.69 No.-
This paper provides complete loop of ionic liquid (IL) assisted glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), nanofiltration membrane (NF) based separation and recyclability. The optimum HMF yield of 65.6% was obtained with 8 wt.% catalyst loading at 125 °C reaction temperature in 120 min reaction time. Ea for conversion was found to be 120 kJ/mol. NF was adopted first time to separate IL and HMF. The percentage of recovered HMF using NF for 1st, 2nd and 3rd batches are 94.87, 84.35 and 71.65 respectively. The structures of regenerated IL and HMF, obtained from NF and liquid–liquid extraction, were confirmed by NMR.
Preparation of asymmetric polysulfone/polyimide blended membranes for CO_2 separation
Sikander Rafiq,Zakaria Man,Saikat Maitra,Abdulhalim Maulud,Farooq Ahmad,Nawshad Muhammad 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.10
Asymmetric Flat sheet polysulfone-polyimide (PSF-PI) blended polymeric membranes (with PI content from 5-20%) have been fabricated following phase inversion technique. The membranes have been thoroughly characterized by the measurement of porosity, mechanical properties and also by SEM, FTIR and DSC analyses. With the increase in the PI content, the mechanical properties of the membranes, like Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break, increased. SEM investigations revealed that the surfaces of fabricated blended membranes possessed adequate homogeneity and their cross-sections showed non-porous top and diminutive porous substructure. From DSC analyses it has been observed that different compositions of the blended membranes exhibited single glass transition temperatures, implying proper compatibility of the polymers. The permeance of CO_2 and CH_4 through the membrane increased with the increase in PI content and it gradually decreased with the increase in the feed pressure in the range of 2-10 bar. Under the present investigation, the membrane with 20% PI content exhibited the maximum selectivity for the separation of CO_2 /CH-4 gas mixes.