Which Environmental Factors Caused Lammas Shoot Growth of Korean Red Pine?

Lee, Chang-Seok,Song, Hye-Gyung,Kim, Hye-Soo,Lee, Bit-Na-Ra,Pi, Jeong-Hoon,Cho, Yong-Chan,Seol, Eun-Sil,Oh, Woo-Seok,Park, Sung-Ae,Lee, Seon-Mi The Ecological Society of Korea 2007 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.30 No.1

Lammas growth, a rare phenomenon for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), occurred in 2006. Lammas shoots showed higher frequency and longer length in Seoul's hotter urban center than in urban boundary or suburban forest sites. Frequency and length showed a close correlation with urbanization density and vegetation cover expressed in NDVI. Air temperature in the late summer of 2006 was more than $1^{\circ}C$ higher than an average year. Of the predominant environmental signals that modulate bud flush, only temperature changed significantly during the year. Differences in temperature between the urban centers, urban boundaries and suburban forests correlated with varying land-use density. The rise in temperature likely spurred lammas growth of the Korean red pine. Symptoms of climate change are being detected throughout the world, and its consequences will be clearer in the future. Considerate interest in the responses of ecological systems to the variable changes is required to prepare for unforeseeable crises. Monitoring of diverse ecological phenomena at Long Term Ecological Research sites could offer harbingers of change.

중량물 들고 보행시 잡기유형의 차이에 대한 운동학적 분석

서국웅,윤양진,김용재,이훈식,정미라,이창민,이중숙 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematic changes of the body according to various weight loads and the holding during carrying object. The experiments were conducted with utilizing image, analyses for five male and five female adults as subjects. The results were as followed. 1. Meaningful differences were shown partially in the angle changes of the subject's wrist joints, elbow joints and coxal articulations, but not in the angle changes of the subject's knee joints, according to the types of holding the objects while subjects carrying 5kg objects. So, carrying a light object of 5kg in workplaces or gyms doesn't have much influence on human joints and muscles. 2. Meaningful differences of angle changes were shown between right holding and vertical holding while subjects carrying 10kg objects. Female subjects had difficulties to hold the angles of their wrist joints and elbow joints, carrying 10kg objects, because the first loads were imposed on their wrists and female has weaker muscles than male. In right holding of 10kg objects, female subjects had backward body centers from their bodies, the angle of their coxal articulation became bigger and they had unstable behaviors. 3. Female subjects had wider angle of their wrist joints and elbow joints while carrying 15kg objects than male subjects. But male subjects had bigger angle of coxal articulation than female subjects. Because female has weaker muscles, female subjects couldn't maintain the angles of their wrist joints and elbow joints. 4. The 20kg objects influenced the angles of the wrist joints, the elbow joints and the coaxal articulations of both sex subjects in any type of holding during their carrying 20 kg objects, but didn't influence their knee joints. 5. in carrying 25kg objects, female subjects had wider angles of their wrist joints, elbow joints and knee joints in each holding type than male subjects and the significant difference were shown according to the holding type. But in the case of coxal articulation, male subjects had the bigger angles and meaningful differences. This comes from the weakness of female's muscle. N\Male subject's upper bodies were drawn back and the objects influenced their wrists more than their arms.

어머니의 성격특성과 자녀문제 지각간의 관계

장은진,한미라,정철호 대한생물치료정신의학회 2001 생물치료정신의학 Vol.7 No.2

Objectives : This study is aimed at determining how the reliability of the results of the Korean Personality Inventory for Children(KPI-C) is affected according to the results of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) of the mothers. It is also intended to determine the mothers’ characteristics to considered at the interpretation or evaluation of the results of the test and investigate the correlation between the psychological problems of the mothers and their children. Methods : The subjects of this study were 43 mothers whose children visited the psychiatric department at Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University from August 1998 until Jun 1999. They were administered with both MMPI and KPI-C Inventory. They were sorted into two group ; diagnosis consistent group and diagnosis inconsistent group depending on whether or not the KPI-C results mothers reported matched the clinical diagnosis of children. The motehrs’ variables and the results of MMPI were compared between the two groups. The correlation of MMPI and KPI-C was also studied. The statistical analysis was conducted using Independent samples t-test, χ^2-test, and Person correlation analysis. Statistical significance was p<0.05. Results : 1) In the whole group, the diagnosis consistent group was 29 people(67.2%) and the diagnosis inconsistent group was 14 people(32.8%). 2) The mothers’ MMPI results of the two groups belonged to the normal range. 3) There was no significant difference between the two group in their age, educational level, and job. 4) In comparing MMPI of the groups, the diagnosis inconsistent group showed significantly higher scores in L and K scales, and the diagnosis consistent group had higher scores in F, Hs, D, Hy, and Pa scales. 5) The correlation analysis of the validity scales of MMPI and the scales of KPI-C showed significantly negative correlation in the L scale f MMPI and FAM scale of KIP-C, K scale of MMPI and F, SOM, DLQ, PSY scales of KPI-C, On the other hand, the analysis showed significantly positive correlation in the K scale of MMPI and ERS scale of KPI-C, F scale of MMPI and DEP, SOM scales of KPI-C. 6) The correlation analysis of the clinical scales of MMPI and the scales of KPI-C showed significantly positive correlation in the Hs scales of MMPI and F, ANX, DEP, SOM of KPI-C, D scales of MMPI and ANX, DEP, SOM SOC, of KPI-C, Hy scales of MMPI and F, ANX, DEP, SOM, HPR, FAM scales of KPI-C, Pd scales of MMPI and DEP, SOM, FAM scales of KPI-C. It also showed significantly positive correlation in the Pa of MMPI and ANX, SOM scales of KPI-C, Pt scales of MMPI and PDL, ANX, DEP, SOM, FAM, PSY scales of KPI-C, Sc scales of MMPI and F, DEP, SOM, FAM, PSY scales of KPI-C, Ma scales of MMPI and F, SOM, FAM scales of KPI-C, Si scales of MMPI and SOM scales of KPI-C. On the other hand, the analysis showed significantly negative correlation in the Hs, D, Hy, Pt, Sc scales of MMPI and ERS scales of KPI-C. Conclusion : It is shown that the characteristics of the mothers’ personality have important effects on the perception of their children’s problems. In particular, the stronger the mothers’ defensive characteristics are, the lower the reliability of their perception of the children’s problems. On the other hand, the reliability is high when the mothers acknowledge their problems and perceive their children’s responses sensitively. Accordingly, it will hereafter be necessary to consider the characteristics of mothers’ personality at the interpretation or diagnosis of the results of children’s evaluation that mothers report. It is also shown that there is a significant correlation between the psychological problems of the mothers and their children.

군산시 일부 여대생의 신체적 특성과 식생활 관련습관에 관한 연구

장혜순,김미라 대한지역사회영양학회 2003 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.8 No.4

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry and nutrition knowledge, food behaviour and lifestyle of women college students with different obesity indexes. The subjects were 251 women college students who were randomly selected from Kunsan National University. The height, body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were measured, and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI);underweight, normal weight and overweight. The results were as follows. Their body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were significantly higher in the overweight subjects when compared to the underweight or normal weight subjects. Standard of living, self-recognition of health status and duration of exercise were significantly correlated with their BMIs. Self-satisfaction with body weight decreased as the BMI increased. Most subjects had poor habits such as skipping meals and lack of exercises. The overweight and the underweight groups skipped meals more frequently than the normal weight group. There were no significant differences in the scores on the nutritional knowledge and the dietary behaviour of the subjects with different BMIs. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention are required if women college students are to have normal weights and healthy lifestyles.

복합레진 수복시 와동의 크기 및 수복 방법이 교두 굴곡에 미치는 영향

이미라,이인복,석창인,이상탁,엄정문 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.6

The aim of this study was to measure the cusp deflection during composite restoration for MOD cavity in premolar and to examine the influence of cavity dimension, C-factor and restoration method on the cusp deflection. Thirty extracted maxillary premolar were prepared to four different sizes of MOD cavity and divided into six groups. The width and depth of the cavity were as follows. Group 1; 1.5 × 1 ㎜, Group 2; 1.5 × 2 ㎜, Group 3; 3 × 1 ㎜, and Group 4-6; 3 × 2 ㎜ respectively. Group 1-4 were restored using bulk filling method with Z-250 composite. However, Group 5 was restored incrementally, and Group 6 was restored with an indirect resin inlay. The cusp deflection was recorded at the buccal and lingual cusp tips using LVDT probe for 10,000 seconds. The measured cusp deflections were compared between groups, and the relationship between the cube of the length of cavity wall/the cube of the thickness of cavity wall (L³ / T³), C-factor and cusp deflection or %flexure (100 × cuspal deflection / cavity width) was analyzed. The cusp deflection of Group 1-4 were 12.1 ㎛, 17.2 ㎛, 16.2 ㎛ and 26.4 ㎛ respectively. The C-factor was related to the %flexure rather than the cusp deflection. There was a strong positive correlationship between the L³ / T³ and the cusp deflection. The cusp deflection of Group 5 and 6 were 17.4 ㎛ and 17.9 ㎛ respectively, which are much lower value than that of Group 4.

정신분열병 환자에서 얼굴 영상의 작동기억 장애 : 기능자기공명영상연구

이창욱,김태석,주라형,박주미,박여진,김종진,전신수,배치운,김정진,이수정,이철,백인호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : Impaired processing of facial information is one of the broad ranges of cognitive deficits seen in patients with Schi-zophrenia. We aimed to elucidate the differences in brain activities involved in the process of facial working memory between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects. Methods : Twelve patients with schizophrenia were recruited along with twelve demographically matched healthy volunteers as a comparison group. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the Perfor-mance of a 2-back working memory paradigm using images of neutral faces as mnemonic content. Rcsults : The patient group performed the tasks with reduced accuracy. Group analysis revealed that the left fusiform gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the bilateral middle frontal gyri/insula, the left middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus, the quadrangular lobules and the vermis of cerebellum showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased level of activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the pahetal lobule was observed from the patient group, all in the right hemisphere. Conulusion : A decreased level of activity in the left fusiform gyrus among the patient group implicates inefficient processing of facial information. An increased level of activation in prefrontal and parietal neural networks from the patient group confirms earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia.

무기질이 암발생에 미치는 영향

金美羅,張惠順 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Minerals are responsible for structural functions involving the skeleton and soft tissues and for regulatory function including neuromuscular transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, oxygen transport and acid-akali equilibrium. So adequate intake of minerals is important for structural functions and regulatory functions. If the intake of some minerals that is important for the components of body is deficient, it is not only the abnormal of body function but also the increase on the development of cancer. And the other trace elements that is generally considered food contaminents increase the development of cancer. Calcium has the protective effect of colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer, and iron has the protective effect of esophageal and stomach cancer. Zinc deficiency is a bad effect of immune ability and fluoride deficiency brings about the chromosome changes and mutation. Selenium deficiency should increase the respiratory organ and gastrointestinal cancer and copper deficiency should increase the several kinds of tumor. An excessive intake of sodium that is the component of salt increases the development of stomach cancer. But chromium, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead that is generally considered food contaminents increase the several kinds of cancer.

탱고 backward walk 동작시 신발 굽 유형에 따른 하지의 근전도 분석

정미라,서국웅,강영택,염창홍 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this research is to provide scientific training guides and the basis for preventing injuries in performing tango backward walk by comparing the effects the height and shape of a heel will have on leg muscles and determining the difference between skilled and unskilled dancers through EMG analysis according to different types of shoes Total eight female athletes were selected for this research. Four with six years of professional dancing experience and another four with one year of dance sports experience. Utilizing the EMG system, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius were measured under different heights (0cm, 5cm, 7cm, 9cm) and shapes (flat, fine, wide) of a heel. Experiments were conducted calculating EMG peak value and muscle load ration under different types of shoes in order to analyze the EMG of leg muscles and Erector Spinae when performing tango backward walk. The result was as follows: 1. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different heights of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p.<01) in case of skilled dancers, and in biceps femoris(p.<01) in case of unskilled dancers. 2. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different shapes of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p<.001) in case of skilled dancers, and showed no significant difference in case of unskilled dancers. 3. The muscle load ration of leg muscles showed different degrees of muscle contribution between skilled and unskilled dancers. The muscle load ration was in the order of anterior tibialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius in case of skilled dancers and anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris in case of unskilled dancers.

구조물의 강성구조에 따른 파동 전파 특성의 이해(Ⅰ)

조미라,홍창국,김기봉 중앙대학교 건설환경연구소 2001 環境科學硏究 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구에서는 뛰어난 현장 적용성으로 구조물의 비파괴 건전도 평가 방법으로 주목받고 있는 충격반향기법의 신뢰성 향상과 정확도 개선을 위하여 콘크리트 구조물에서 전파되는 탄성파의 전파특성을 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 유한 요소해석기법과 동강성행렬법을 도입하여 수치실험을 수행하였다. 또한 이로써 기존에 보고되고 있는 총격반향기법의 수정이론을 검증하고 구조물의 전단강성구조에 따른 P파와 SH파의 전파 특성 등에 의한 평가방법이 미치는 영향을 평가하였으며 이를 바탕으로 충격반향기법의 실험자료 분석 및 해석에 있어서 보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. The propagation of the elastic waves transmitting concrete structures was investigated to improve the reliability of the impact echo test, which is recognized as an excellent nondestructive method for the assessment of structural integrity. The finite element analysis and the analytical method of the dynamic stiffness matrix method were introduced for the investigation of the wave propagation, The study was first dedicated to the verification of the modified impact echo test (Kim, et at.,2001 ; Cho,2001), and then to the effects of factors such as stiffness structure and wane type (P-wave and SH-wave). This research enabled the impact echo test to be more reliable in the interpretation and analysis of the measurements.

광중합기를 이용한 광학적 치아우식활성도 검사법

이난영,김미라,오유향,이창섭,이상호 大韓小兒齒科學會 2004 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.31 No.4

레이저와 플라스마 광, 할로겐 광 중합기를 이용하여 각 개인의 우식 활성도를 측정할 수 있는지를 규명하기 위해 7-8세 아동 45명을 대상으로 치아의 순면과 협면에 각 광원을 조사하고 특수 필터를 사용하여 초기 치아우식증으로 판별된 치아의 개수를 측정하여 기존의 우식활성도 측정방법인 dDfFtT rate와 mutans streptococci 측정법 Lactobacilli 측정법과 비교, 평가하고 그 특이도, 민감도, 예측력을 평가하였다. 1. 아르곤 레이저, 플라스마 광, 할로겐 광 조사시 육안검사시 보다 유의하게 많은 초기우식 병소가 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 2. 아르곤 레이저, 플라스마 광, 할로겐 광을 이용한 우식활성도 측정법은 dDfFtT rate와 양의 상관관계(γ= 0.42, 0.41, 0.39)를 보였다(p<0.01). 3. 기존의 우식활성도 측정방법을 기준으로 하여 평가한 결과 특이도와 민감도, 예측력은 모두 레이저가 가장 높았으며 플라스마 광, 할로겐 광 순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 아르곤 레이저와 플라스마 광, 할로겐 광을 이용한 형광법은 모두 양호한 진단학적 지표를 보여줌으로써 향후 광학적 우식활성검사법으로 활용 가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical caries activity test by fluorescence using laser, plasma light and halogen light. The subjects of study were 45 children of 7-8 years old. Argon laser, plasma light and halogen light were irradiated to buccal or labial surface of all teeth. Fluorescence of initial carious lesion from teeth was observed through barrier filter and the number of teeth showing lesion was counted. Visual examination for the dDfFtT, mutans streptococci screening test and Lactobacilli colony counting were also done. Data analysis was accomplished by Axelsson's method. The result from the present study can be summarized as follows. 1. Laser, plasma light and halogen light could detect the initial carious lesions better than visual examination(p<0.05). 2. There was positive correlation between laser(r=0.42), plasma light(r=0.41), halogen light(r=0.39) and dDfFtT rate(p<0.01). 3. The specificity, sensitivity and predictive value was showed highest value in laser. but was showed favorable value in plasma light and halogen light. In regard to above results, laser, plasma light and halogen light all considered to be reliable method for determining individual caries activity. And they were also considered to be practical method because it would be simple, inexpensive, and time saving method.