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Democratizing the Police in the Republic of Korea: Decentralization, Accountability and Legitimacy
Graham Brooks,John McDaniel,김학경 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2018 영미연구 Vol.42 No.-
The police in the Republic of Korea have often been used as an extension of state power. But in the democratic nation, the police need to reflect the democratic principles that the nation now represents. To do this, we suggest the police need to be far more independent than they currently are, and have the power to investigate some crimes beyond the direction of prosecutors. In addition, we suggest that to increase local accountability and secure public approval, and thus some legitimacy, the police need to move away from a centralised system of control to one that represents a local community/region. Both reforms will increase the legitimacy and accountability of the police in the Republic of Korea, if implemented. Rather than draw on different styles of policing around the world, however, this paper will predominantly draw on policing in England and Wales where regardless of scandals and political setbacks, the police still receive a high rating of public approval and thus legitimacy to police a community / region. This, in time, can also be achieved by the police in the Republic of Korea, if there is the political will to implement changes that increase the democratization of the police and thus secure public consent and legitimacy to serve the citizens of Republic of Korea rather than narrow political interests.
Buttrick, Graham J.,Meadows, John C.,Lancaster, Theresa C.,Vanoosthuyse, Vincent,Shepperd, Lindsey A.,Hoe, Kwang-Lae,Kim, Dong-Uk,Park, Han-Oh,Hardwick, Kevin G.,Millar, Jonathan B. A. The American Society for Cell Biology 2011 Molecular biology of the cell Vol.22 No.23
<P>Type 1 phosphatase (PP1) antagonizes Aurora B kinase to stabilize kinetochore–microtubule attachments and to silence the spindle checkpoint. We screened for factors that exacerbate the growth defect of <I>Δdis2</I> cells, which lack one of two catalytic subunits of PP1 in fission yeast, and identified Nsk1, a novel protein required for accurate chromosome segregation. During interphase, Nsk1 resides in the nucleolus but spreads throughout the nucleoplasm as cells enter mitosis. Following dephosphorylation by Clp1 (Cdc14-like) phosphatase and at least one other phosphatase, Nsk1 localizes to the interface between kinetochores and the inner face of the spindle pole body during anaphase. In the absence of Nsk1, some kinetochores become detached from spindle poles during anaphase B. If this occurs late in anaphase B, then the sister chromatids of unclustered kinetochores segregate to the correct daughter cell. These unclustered kinetochores are efficiently captured, retrieved, bioriented, and segregated during the following mitosis, as long as Dis2 is present. However, if kinetochores are detached from a spindle pole early in anaphase B, then these sister chromatids become missegregated. These data suggest Nsk1 ensures accurate chromosome segregation by promoting the tethering of kinetochores to spindle poles during anaphase B.</P>