요대(遼代) 선연(鮮演)에 수용된 법장(法藏)의 화엄사상

박은영(지현)(Park, Eun-Young (Ven. Ji-Hyun)) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2018 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.85

중세 동아시아의 화엄사상은 법장에 의해 대성되고, 징관에 의해 혁신을 거듭한다. 당대(唐代)에 확립된 화엄교학은 이후 북송(北宋)에서는 법장의 화엄학이 중시되었던 반면에, 같은 시기에 요대(遼代)에서는 특히 징관의 화엄학이 중점적으로 연구된다. 따라서 요대에는 법장이 큰 연관이 없는 것 같지만 사실은 요대 화엄학 저술인 선연의 『담현결택기』6권속에서 법장의 사상은 충실히 수용되고 있다. 징관의 『대소』와 『연의초』가 법장을 종지로 받들어 지어진 것이고, 『결택기』가 그것의 주석서인 점에서 볼 때, 『결택기』에는 그 자체로 법장의 사상이 녹아들어 있다고 할 수 있다. 실제 『결택기』에 인용된 문헌 중에는 법장의 저술인 『교의분제장』이 가장 많이 인용되었고, 또 다른 저술인 『지귀』, 『탐현기』, 『기신론의기』도 직접 · 간접적으로 인용되었으며, 선연은 매우 빈번하게 ‘현수의 뜻’을 회통하고 있다. 내용적으로는 『현담』 본문의 제1장 「교장소섭(藏敎所攝)」과 제2장 「의리분제(義理分齊)」부분에서 많이 인용되었는데, 특히 일승과 삼승의 불일불이(不一不異), 동교일승 ․ 별교일승, 5교교판과 십현문 등 화엄일승원교의 의리를 밝히는 데 있어 주요쟁점들을 선연이 법장의 사상을 통해 적극 활용하고 있는 것에서 잘 드러난다. 본 논고에서는 『결택기』에 인용된 법장의 저술과 그 구체적인 내용을 중심으로 해서 선연이 법장의 사상에서 무엇을 강조하고 있고, 석성하고 있는 내용은 무엇인지를 중점적으로 살펴서 선연에게 수용된 법장의 화엄사상을 살펴봄으로써 요대 화엄사상속에서 법장 화엄사상의 위상을 파악하고자 한다. Chinese Buddhism and especially Huayan thought flourished in the Liao dynasty 遼(916-1125) and was based on Chinese translations of Buddhist literature made during the Tang dynasty 唐 (618-907). Huayan Jing Tǎnxuan Juezĕ Ji, written by Xianyǎn 鮮演(1040-1118), was one of the later annotations to the Xuant-1 玄談 from the 20 volumes of Dafang’guangfo Huayan Jing Shu 大方廣佛華嚴經疏 and the 40 volumes of Suishuyanyi Chao 隨疏演義鈔, which was widely known as a distinctive commentary on the 80 volumes of the Avataṃsaka sutra written by Qingliang Chengguan 淸涼 澄觀 (738-839). Juezĕ Ji was annotated for Xuantan 玄談 in a very clear and accurate tone, as the way in which Xianyǎn’s opinions were absorbed in the writing of Chengguan did not include notes or as water permeating into any objects. We are able to see that Juezĕ Ji was annotated in Xianyǎn’s own unique way, which made Chengguan’s writings clear and obvious. Additionally, Juezĕ Ji frequently quoted classic literature, Fa-Tsang 法藏 (643-712) wrote and the number of quotes ranged from twos to score every fascicle. Thus, it can be said that the same way as Xianyǎn was absorbed in Chengguan’s writing, the essence of the Huayan thought of Fa-Tsang was accepted by Xianyǎn from the Liao period in Juezĕ Ji.

Production and Characterization of Enzymes Involved in Chitin Catabolic Cascade from a Bacterial Strain Isolated from Soil

( Ji Hyun Lee ),( Jeong In Lee ),( So Yeon Park ),( Yoo Kyeong Jang ),( You Bin Lim ),( Hye Yoon Lee ),( Young Min Jung ),( Hae Chang Lee ),( Jong Hwa Lee ),( Shaheen Amna ),( Jae Kweon Park ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2019 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The present study was aimed to isolate the bacteria producing chitinolytic enzymes including chitin deacetylase (CDA) from soil origin. About 24 bacteria were screened for their chitinolytic enzymes producing ability on the basis of colloidal chitin. Amongst one of the most potent isolates designated to JI-02 was further selected as the most prominent chitinolytic and CDAlike enzyme (CDA-X) producer based on the ability of deacetylation of an artificial substrate pNP-acetamilide. The maximum production of CDA-X in crude enzyme from JI-02 was observed in the presence of 1% colloidal chitin at 37°C and pH 6.4 after 120 h of incubation. Potent enzyme activity of CDA-X was determined toward pNP-acetamilide, demonstrating that optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength of the CDA-X were assessed to be 7.0, 52°C and 125 mM, respectively. Unexpectedly, Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) was not fully converted by the action of CDA-X to glucosamine (GlcN) under the established conditions. Further study on enzyme activity toward chitin-oligosaccharides consisting of multi-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)n, n=2-5 may be necessary to elucidate the mode of action which requires the minimum size of (GlcNAc)n. However, our data suggest that CDA-X can convert chitin to chitosan with the maximum yield of approximately 0.08g/L during the fermentation of the strain in the presence of chitin. Furthermore, we found that crude enzyme showed the significant chitosanolytic activity. Taken together, our data suggest that the strain JI-02 may be a potential candidate as a particular strain for better understating of chitin catabolic pathway.

2014년 영천시의 한 물놀이장에서 유행한 피부 질환 역학조사

박지혁 ( Ji Hyuk Park ),임현술 ( Hyun Sul Lim ),이관 ( Kwan Lee ),하경임 ( Gyoung Yim Ha ),정태선 ( Taesun Jeong ) 대한보건협회 2015 대한보건연구 Vol.41 No.2

Objective: An outbreak of skin rash illness was reported from people who had been to a water park located in Yeongcheon-si. Epidemiologic investigation was performed to elucidate the cause of this outbreak and to prevent a recurrence. Methods: Medical records of clinics and hospitals in Yeongcheon-si were reviewed to find cases of skin rash illness. The manager of the water park was interviewed, and the collected water samples were analyzed and tested for bacterial culture. Results: Seventy-one cases, consisted of 42 men (59.2%) and 29 women (40.8%), were experienced skin rash illness. Most of the cases (98.6%) were children under 20 years and all cases went to the water park. A swimming pool for adults used underground and lake water, and residual chlorine was not detected. The water samples were positive for various bacteria, including Aeromonas sobria and Pseudomonas putida. Conclusion: This outbreak was linked to the contaminated water of swimming pools. The water park was reopened after appropriate chlorine disinfection, and another outbreak was not reported until late 2014. Chlorine disinfection of water in swimming pools should be conducted, and enhanced chlorine monitoring is needed.

유방암의 위와 대장전이

유현아,김은영,서민지,정은,조민정,오현진,장지혜,박지찬,이정의,박석영 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2014 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.37 No.2

Gastric metastasis from breast cancer is rare and only six cases have been reported in Korea. Colon metastasis is more rare than gastric metastasis. We report a 63-year-old woman with gastric and colon metastases of invasive lobular carcinoma of breast. She was diagnosed as right breast cancer, received right modified radical mastectomy 10 years ago and has been treated with chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Investigating for melena and a small caliber of stool, we found gastric and colon metastases. The diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer was made through gross pathologic and immunohistochemistry staining. We report a case with gastric and colon metastases from breast cancer and a review of the associated six case reports in Korea.

내시경적 조임근절개술후에 발생한 췌십이지장 가성동맥류 1예

박수영,김윤정,박진한,전현수,박시형,이영진,이은지,김지현 仁濟大學校 白病院 2010 仁濟醫學 Vol.31 No.-

We reported a case of pancreatic pseudoaneurysm, involving pancreaticoduodenal artery, developed after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) with endoscopic sphinterotomy. A 54 year old woman was transferred to our hospital due to sustained hematochezia and hypovolemia. A week before admission, she underwent ERCP with endoscopic sphinterotomy for acute cholangitis in local clinics. She developed abdominal pain and hematochezia at 12 hours after the procedures. A post procedure contrast enhanced computed tomography of abdomen demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm in inferior portion of pancreatic head. This was not present on the pre procedure contrast enhanced computed tomography of abdomen and was thought to arise from the pancreaticoduodenal artery as a complication of the pre sphincterotomy. She was brought to our emergency room in a state of hypovolemia. A upper endoscopy showed active bleeding from ampula of vater. An celiac angiography demonstrated pancreatic pseudoaneurysm involving inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and selective coil embolization of was performed.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid‑treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

Ji‑Hyun Kim,Sang Youp Hwang,Jung Eun Park,Gi Bbum Lee,Ho Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.

‘비시’(Vichy)와 역사교과서

박지현(Park, Ji-hyun) 한국사학사학회 2003 韓國史學史學報 Vol.0 No.7

This study is to examine the reception of the history textbook about the alteration of the historiography of the Vichy Regime. After the Liberation, the history textbook did not refer in detail to the Vichy Regime. Simply, it considered the Vichy Regime as the puppet regime under the Occupation of Germany. However, the studies of the Vichy Regime, since the 1970's, showed that it was legitimate and voluntary to collaborate with Germany. The Vichy Regime was given official approval from the Parliament. The Parliament gave full power to Philippe Pétain, President of the Vichy Regime. Thus, the Vichy Regime isn't the history of the German Occupation, but that of France. It isn't an isolated section, but central to the contemporary history of France. At this point, this study shows how Middle School of “History and Geography textbooks” reflect the recent study of the Vichy Regime, according to the period between the 1970's and the 1990's. However, the standard of the analysis about the contents of these textbooks is not about the change of the historiography of the education, not on those of the Vichy Regime, but on those of the French-German recommendations. After the French-German Council in 1988, the content of the Vichy Regime and of the National Socialist Party first appeared in the French-German recommendation. It is remarkable that France and Germany both spoke of the “Black Past”covered in the history textbook revision. The change of the historiography of the Vichy Regime and the National Socialist Party came from the recommendation of the French-German Council. So, it is possible to examine how the clauses of the recommendations of 1988 that the French Council requested for the history textbooks of Germany, is reflected in the “History and Geography textbooks” of the French Middle School. The analysis of the history textbook of France has two directions : the reception of its titles about the Second World War, and those of its content about the Vichy Regime. The title “The Vichy Regime”didn't exist as a big heading in the 1970' textbooks, but exist clearly in the 1990' textbooks. The appearance of the titles, “the Vichy of France”, “France in War”, means that not only De Gaulle's Regime, but the Vichy Regime is included in the contemporary history of France. It is possible to say that this title related to the change of the historiography of the Vichy regime. The content in the 1970's and the 1990's history textbooks partly reflect the clauses of the recommendation of 1988. The common content between in the 1970's and 1990's textbooks mention that the Vichy Regime is legitimate(the first clause of the recommendation of 1988). The content of 1970's textbooks mention that the Vichy Regime of Philippe Pétain was good for protecting France against Germany and that Pierre Laval tried collaboration with Germany(the second and third clauses). On the contrary, these points were not reflected in the content of the 1990's textbooks. The latter mentions that the Vichy Regime of Philippe Pétain collaborated actively with Germany, like Pierre Laval, and that many of the French hardly took part in the Resistance of 1943, not in the beginning of the Vichy Regime. These points shows that the recommendation of 1988 did not get the changes in the recent historiography of the Vichy Regime of the 1990's. Thus it might be possible to, henceforth, revise the recommendations by the French-Germany Council, according to the recent historiography of the Vichy Regime. Finally, the history textbook reflect the historiography of the Vichy Regime since 1970's and the latter bring the revision of the recommendations between the history textbooks of France and Germany. This relation show the importance of the change of the historial conscience that makes a self-reflection of the history of the“Black Past” covered, for examples the Vichy Regime. This conscience would be basic for the process of the Fre

Elevated TRAF2/6 expression in Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of Parkin E3 ligase activity.

Chung, Ji-Yun,Park, Hee Ra,Lee, Su-Jin,Lee, Sun-Hye,Kim, Jin Sik,Jung, Youn-Sang,Hwang, Sang Hyun,Ha, Nam-Chul,Seol, Won-Gi,Lee, Jaewon,Park, Bum-Joon United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology [e 2013 Laboratory investigation Vol.93 No.6

<P>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease, and is known to be induced by environmental factors or genetic mutations. Among the verified genetic mutations of PD, Parkin, isolated from the PARK2 locus, shows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and is known to be an E3 ligase. However, the physiological target of Parkin and the molecular mechanism of Parkin-deficiency-induced PD have not been clearly demonstrated until now. It has recently been proposed that inflammation, suggesting as a causal factor for PD, is enhanced by Parkin deficiency. Thus, we examined the relationship between inflammation-related factors and Parkin. Here, we provide the evidence that Parkin suppresses inflammation and cytokine-induced cell death by promoting the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2/6 (TNF-α receptor-associated factor 2/6). Overexpression of Parkin can reduce the half-lives of TRAF2 and TRAF6, whereas si-Parkin can extend them. However, mutant Parkins did not alter the expression of TRAF2/6. Thus, loss of Parkin enhances sensitivity to TNF-α- or IL-1β-induced JNK activation and NF-κB activation. Indeed, si-Parkin-induced apoptosis is suppressed by the knockdown of TRAF6 or TRAF2. We also observed elevated expression levels of TRAF6 and a reduction of IκB in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse model. Moreover, elevated expression levels or aggregation of TRAF6 were detected in approximately half of the human PD tissues (7/15 cases) and 2 cases, respectively. In addition, TRAF6 and Parkin expression levels show a reverse relationship in human PD tissues. Our results strongly suggest that the reduction of Parkin or overexpression of TRAF2/6 by chronic inflammation would be the reason for occurrence of PD.</P>

소득세법상 직무발명보상금 과세제도에 대한 개선방안

박지현(Park, Ji-Hyun),권기정(Kwon, Gee-Jung) 한국회계정보학회 2021 재무와회계정보저널 Vol.21 No.1

[연구목적] 직무발명보상금이란 발명진흥법 제15조 등에 의하여 종업원 등이 직무에 관하여 발명한 것에 대하여 정당한 보상을 하도록 하는 것을 말한다. 즉, 직무발명보상금 제도는 종업원 등이 직무발명의 권리를 사용자가 승계할 경우 법률에 의하여 보상을 하도록 법률적으로 제정한 보상제도이다. 그러나 제도의 취지와는 다르게 소득세법이 개정되어 다양한 분야에서 소득세법 재개정을 주장하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 직무발명제도에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 직무발명보상금의 소득세법상 과세체계의 문제점에 대해 알아보고 이에 대한 개선방안으로 제시하고자 하였다. [연구방법] 직무발명보상금에 대한 제도의 취지와 우리나라의 소득세 개정현황을 살펴보고 주요국의 관련 세법에 대한 문헌연구를 통해 우리나라 직무발명제도의 과세체계의 문제점을 제시하였다. 이러한 문제점을 바탕으로 소득세법상 직무발명 보상금 과세제도에 대한 개선방안을 제시하였다. [연구결과] 직무발명보상금의 법률적 성격과 유사 소득과의 과세형평성 등을 검토하였을 때 직무발명보상금은 기타소득으로 규정하는 것이 타당하다. 그리고 직무발명보상금에 대하여는 비과세 한도를 현행 500만 원에서 국가연구개발의 기술이전에 따른 직무발명보상금 평균인 1,500만 원으로 조정할 필요가 있을 것이다. [연구의 시사점] 직무발명보상금 제도는 국가의 경쟁력을 확보하는 차원에서 매우 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 따라서 연구개발을 통해 경쟁력 있는 지식재산권을 확보하고 이를 활용하여 기업의 생산효율 및 일자리 창출을 증가시키고 국가 및 기업의 경쟁력을 강화하기 위한 선순환 구조를 만들기 위해서는 관련 법률들 간의 모순점을 해결하고 직무발명보상금 제도의 과세체계를 개편할 필요가 있다. [Purpose] The term compensation for occupational inventions refers to the compensation of employees, etc. for their inventions in relation to their duties pursuant to Article 15 of the Invention Promotion Act. In other words, the compensation system for job inventions is a compensation system legally enacted so that employees, etc., make compensation in accordance with the law when the employer succeeds in the rights of job inventions. However, contrary to the purpose of the system, the income tax law has been revised, and various fields are advocating for the revision of the income tax law. Therefore, in this study, based on the understanding of the job invention system, the problem of the taxation system under the income tax law for compensation for job inventions was investigated and suggested as a solution for this. [Methodology] The purpose of the system for compensation for occupational inventions and the current status of revision of income tax in Korea were examined, and the problem of the taxation system of the Korean occupational invention system was presented through literature research on related tax laws in major countries. Based on these problems, a plan to improve the taxation system for compensation for job inventions under the Income Tax Act was suggested. [Findings] When examining the legal nature of the compensation for job inventions and the taxation equity with similar income, it is reasonable to stipulate the compensation for job inventions as other income. In addition, it will be necessary to adjust the tax-free limit of compensation for job inventions from the current 5 million won to KRW 15 million, which is the average of compensation for job inventions from the technology transfer of national R&D. [Implications] The job invention compensation system has played a very important role in securing national competitiveness. Therefore, in order to create a virtuous cycle structure to secure and utilize competitive intellectual property rights through research and development to increase the production efficiency and job creation of companies, and to reinforce the competitiveness of the country and companies, it is necessary to resolve the contradictions between relevant laws and provide compensation for job inventions. There is a need to reorganize the tax system of the system.

때까치(Lanius bucephalus)의 비번식기 먹이꽂이 행동에 관한 연구

박경현(Park, Kyung-hyun),김지연(Kim, Ji-yeon) 한국조류학회II 2020 한국조류학회지 Vol.27 No.1

2003~2009년 10월부터 다음해 2월까지 길동생태공원에서 때까치의 먹이꽂이 212개를 조사한 결과, 11월 중순부터 먹이꽂이가 급격히 증가하여 추위가 본격화되기 전 먹이를 저장함을 알 수 있었다. 먹이꽂이에 이용된 동물은 메뚜기목과 양서강이 가장 많았고, 그 외 절지, 연체, 환형, 척추동물문의 다양한 먹이를 겨울철 먹이로 이용하였고, 2개월 내에 70%가량이 없어졌다. 먹이꽂이 높이는 평균 131.5cm로, 아까시나무와 버드나무를 주로 이용하였으나, 그 외 다양한 수종도 이용하였다. 수종보다는 먹이를 꽂기 쉬운 높이의 수목 중 DBH 3cm미만인 교목을 선호하였다. 먹이꽂이와 관찰로의 거리를 조사한 결과, 관찰로 주변을 더 선호하였다. 길동생태공원에서 비번식기에 서식하는 때까치의 먹이꽂이 행동에 관한 연구 결과, 도시 비오톱에서 때까치의 비번식기 서식을 위하여 먹이원이 되는 곤충과 양서류 등 종다양성을 높게 유지하는 것이 필요하며, 일정한 거리 내에 습지와 개방된 초지, 산림이 어우러진 수직적 자연경관을 유지해야 함을 알 수 있었다. 2003~2009 from every October to following February(7 years), we have observed 212 impaled preys of Lanius bucephalus in Gildong Ecological Park. As a result, we got to know that the number of impaled preys sharply increased from the middle of November in every year, and the food storage of preys has been completed before severely cold time. The main preys used for its impalement were orthoptera and amphibia. Besides, various preys such as arthropoda, mollusca, annelida and vertebrate were also used as impaled food for winter time. And 70% of its cache of preys disappeared within 2 months. The impalement location on a tree was 131.5cm high of trees on average. And then it mainly used Salix koreensis and Robinia pseudoacacia for impalement but it also used various other trees. It preferred the trees of which DBH(Diameter at Breast Height) is less then 3cm among the trees of easy-to-impale height rather than wood species. According to examining the distance between impalement and observation road, it is recognized that Lanius bucephalus liked the surrounding area of observation road. As a result of this study on impaling behavior of Lanius bucephalus in non-breeding season in Gildong Ecological Park, for the inhabitation of Lanius bucephalus in non-breeding season at the biotop in urban area, we got to know it is required that biodiversity on food source such as insect and amphibian etc. should be kept in a high level, and also within a certain boundary, vertical natural landscape which combines wetlands, open pastures and forest should be maintained.