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신재환(Shin, Jae-hwan) 영남퇴계학연구원 2021 퇴계학논집 Vol.- No.28
본 논문은 18세기 후반 조선 시단에 수용되기 시작한 청대 4대 시학이론을 개괄하고, 이들 이론이 시기별로 등장한 순서에 따라 어떠한 시대적 요구와 개별 문인들의 의식 및 취향에 의해 조선 시단에 수용되었는지 포괄적으로 살펴보았다. 왕사정(王士禎)의 신운설(神韻說)에 대한 수용은 사가시인(四家詩人)의 한 사람인 이덕무(李德懋)에 의해 시작되었다. 그의 신운설 수용은 두 가지 형태로 나타나니, 당시 송시풍(宋詩風) 일변도의 조선 시단에 왕사정의 존재와 그의 시작(詩作) 및 시학이론을 소개함으로써 원래의 당시풍(唐詩風)을 회복하는 데 기여한 점과 대경당전집(帶經堂全集)을 포함한 왕사정의 여러 저작들을 소개하고 구입해 온 점이다. 뒤이어 김정희(金正喜) 또한 신운설을 긍정적으로 평가하였으며, 왕사정이 청대 시단의 정종(正宗)으로 추대된 당위성을 피력하였다. 또한 ‘신운’이란 용어를 자신의 시에 원용하고, ‘청원(淸遠)한 풍격의 추구’와 ‘성당(盛唐) 시풍의 회복’을 표방한 신운설과 뜻을 함께 하였다. 조선 후기 시단에 마지막으로 신운설을 수용한 인물은 김택영(金澤榮)이다. 그 또한 신운은 그 실체를 포착하기 어렵다는 사실을 인식하면서, 신운의 의경(意境)이 담긴 지식인의 고뇌를 표출한 다량의 작품을 남겼다. 심덕잠(沈德潛)의 격조설(格調說)은 지배 계층의 통치 이념에 부합하는 측면이 있었기에, 그 참신성의 결여로 말미암아 문인들의 수용 태도는 비교적 소극적이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이익(李瀷)과 그의 제자 윤기(尹愭)에 의해 부분적으로 수용되기 시작하였다. 이익은 격조설의 주요 특징인 ‘온유돈후(溫柔敦厚)의 시교(詩敎)’를 강조하고 그것의 효용 가치를 분명하게 밝혔다. 윤기 또한 스승의 시학관을 비판적으로 계승하여 시교와 시경(詩經)의 사회적 작용인 ‘흥관군원(興觀群怨)’의 가치를 중시하였다. 이후 격조설은 정약용에 의해 보다 적극적으로 수용되었으니, 시교의 사회적 효용과 ‘충군애민(忠君愛民)’의 정서가 담긴 두보(杜甫) 시의 시 정신을 높이 평가하였다. 이는 격조설의 양대 표준인 시경과 두보 시를 동시에 수용한 결과로 볼 수 있다. 김정희 또한 ‘온유돈후의 시교’를 선택적으로 수용하면서 ‘격조(格調)’로써 절제되지 않은 ‘성령(性靈)’을 바로잡아야 한다는 이론을 제시하였다. 4대 시학이론 중 가장 광범위한 영향을 끼친 원매(袁枚)의 성령설(性靈說)은 연행(燕行)을 통해 청의 학인(學人)들과 직접적으로 교유할 기회를 가졌던 이덕무와 박제가(朴齊家) 등에 의해 처음으로 수용되었다. 이들은 처음에 조선 시단에 원매의 존재를 알리고 그의 <회인시(懷人詩)>를 소개하는 정도였으나 점차 청대 후기 성령파 시인들과 직접적인 교유를 통해 그들의 학시(學詩) 경향을 받아들였다. 이는 비교적 오랜 시기 동안 신운 계열의 시가 조선 후기 시단을 주도하는 상황에서 벗어나고자 하는 시대적 요구이기도 하였다. 한편 이옥(李鈺)과 최성환(崔瑆煥)은 시화집과 시선집의 편찬이라는 방식을 통해 원매와 그의 성령설을 받아들였다. 이옥은 이언(俚諺)(시집)과 백가시화초(百家詩話鈔)(시화집)를 편선하는 과정에서 성령시론을 적극적으로 받아들였으며, 최성환이 편찬한 시선집인 성령집(性靈集) 또한 수원시화(隨園詩話)의 체례를 그대로 모방하였다. 옹방강(翁方綱)의 기리설(肌理說)은 4대 시학이론 중 가장 늦게 출현하였으며, 조선의 문인들이 처음부터 그것의 실체를 정확하게 인식하고 수용했다기보다는, 당시 성행한 고증학을 받아들이는 과정에서 자연스럽게 접하게 되었다. 성해응(成海應)은 처음으로 옹방강 등 청대 학자들의 고증학을 계승하고, 한학(漢學)과 송학(宋學)을 융합하여 그 요체로 삼은 기리설의 본령을 인식하기 시작하였다. 모색의 단계를 거친 후 본격적으로 이를 수용한 인물은 신위(申緯)와 김정희를 꼽을 수 있으니, 이들은 격조설과 신운설의 단점을 보완하는 절충적 방식을 통해 기리설을 수용하였다. 신위는 옹방강의 영향을 받아 ‘유소입두(由蘇入杜)’를 자신의 학시문경(學詩門徑)으로 삼았다. 김정희 또한 기리설을 적극적으로 수용하였으니, 그는 고증학을 시학이론에 접목시킨 옹방강의 역량을 높이 평가하고, 기리설은 ‘의리(義理)’와 ‘문리(文理)’의 결합으로 이해되어야 한다고 역설하였다. 또한 충효(忠孝)를 표방하며 당에서는 두보의 시, 송에서는 황정견(黃庭堅)의 시를 높이 평가하였다. This study analyzes how the four major poetic theories of Qing Dynasty were accepted at the poetical circles of the late Joseon Dynasty. In this process, through the poetic theory and poetry of the individual literary people of the Joseon Dynasty , the detainees, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the background and personal tastes of the times worked. First, among the four major poetic theories of Qing Dynasty, Wangshizhen(王士禎) s shenyunshuo(神韻說) was established as the leading poetic theory of the late Joseon Dynasty based on the background of the era. I looked at it. In addition, I analyzed the patterns accepted in the late Joseon Dynasty by dividing individual writers and schools. First of all, this study examined the acceptance of four fine poets(四家詩人) including Lee Deok-mu(李德懋). Kim Jung-hee(金正喜) starts from the perspective of shenyun(神韻) s ‘inherent domain of art beyond the sense and concept that can be conveyed in language’. The aspects of acceptance were examined in terms of ‘pleasure(興趣)’ etc. Next, among the four major poetic theories of Qing Dynasty, Shendeqian(沈德潛) s gediaoshuo(格調說) and Wengfanggang(翁方綱) s jilishuo(肌理說), which were accepted in the late Joseon Dynasty, were analyzed separately. In the first half, I examined the acceptance of Jung Yak-yong(丁若鏞) among literary writers, focusing on the poems of clemency and humane(溫柔敦厚), which is toned by gediaoshuo(格調說). In the latter part, I examined the fact that jilishuo(肌理說), which had a historical research influence on the back, was held on the back of a popular testimony wind. The writers who accepted jilishuo(肌理說) at that time could be named Shin-yu(申緯) and Kim Jung-hee(金正喜). Most of them proceeded in an eclectic way to make up for the shortcomings of gediaoshuo(格調說) and shenyunshuo(神韻說). In addition to this, I also looked into Lee Deok-mu(李德懋) s acceptance of jilishuo(肌理說), which actively used books related to the historical research influence of Qing Dynasty. Lastly, this study analyzed how the xinglingshuo(性靈說) of Yuanmei(袁枚) was accepted in the four major poetic theories of Qing Dynasty. xinglingshuo(性靈說) and the Spirit Poetry(性靈詩) were introduced in the process of four fine poets(四家詩人) interacting with Qing dynasty scholars and poets and exchanging cultural literacy. Particularly, among the four fine poets(四家詩人), Park Je-ga(朴齊家) puts the core of his poetics into the expression of self-sound(自家音), which is another expression of the spread out spirit(獨抒性靈). Kim Jung-hee(金正喜) regards the implications of the Holy Spirit(性靈) as a passion and a personality. However, he pursued an eclectic attitude that the Spirit, which he pursued, had to go through the process of correcting through ‘gediao(格調)’ because it contained debauchery and bizarre elements.
대형 화재로 인한 사상자의 손상 유형과 합병증 : 동인천 라이브호프 화재를 중심으로
신중호,김재광,염석란,신종환,민순식,임용수,양혁준,이근,황성연 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3
Background: High risks of fire alway exist for buildings in urban areas, especially those in downtown. Crowds, as well as more complex and larger structures, may cause more victims in the event of fire; therefore, emergency medical service plans must be established for such disastrous events. Methods: On the evening of October 30,1999, a fire broke out in downtown, Dong-Incheon Live-Hof restaurant; 56 people were killed and 76 were injured. Most of them were teenagers. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the victims, Results: 1) Among the 56 dead, 54 died from smoke inhalation, one from extensive burns, and one from sepsis during treatment. 2) Among the 76 injured, 70 patients suffered from smoke inhalation, 53 from burns, and 9 from several types of trauma (sprains, contusions, lacerations, abrasions, fractures, etc.). 3) Later complications were laryngeal edema, pulmonary edema, scar contracture, and hypoxic brain damage, and so forth. 4) Post traumatic stress syndrome was unexpectedly more prevalent in mildly to moderately injured survivors and witnesses than in seriously injured survivors. Conclusion: Many complications exist after a fire. Some may be resolved in time, but others may result in permanent sequelae. Early rescue, early triage, and early management during transport by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel can result in fewer complications and a lower mortality rate. Therefore, we propose the establishment of plans to be followed during various major disasters.
Ethanol Patch Test와 음주 후 불편감과의 관계에 대한 연구
신재정,장환일,김경빈 大韓神經精神醫學會 1989 신경정신의학 Vol.28 No.1
It has been well known that alcoholism is influenced by multiple factors such as biological, social and familial factors. Recently many researches are focusing on further investigation of biological aspects, especially on enzymes of acetaldehyde metabolism. The low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH-I) has been implicated to play a major part in the metabolism of acetaldehyde. Therefore ALDH-I deficiency has been assumed to give rise to aversive effects to alcohol which are caused by a high blood acetaldehyde concentration. Recently Ethanol Patch Test(EPT) was suggested as a screening test to dectect ALDH-I deficiency. The mechanism of skin erythema of EPT is presumed to involve vasodilatatlon due to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the skin. The lack of ALDH-I in the skin may be responsible for the delayed metabolism of acetaldehyde. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between time of disappearance of skin erythema in EPT and aversive effects to alcohol in 38 alcoholic patients and 42 control subject. The results was as follow : 1) The difference of total lenght of times of disappearance of skin erythema in EPT between two groups was significant. 2)When a patch area showed erythema 10 minutes after removal, it was judged to be ALDH-I dificiency. 10.52% of alcoholic patients and 32.55% of control subjects were catergorized as ALDH-I deficient. 3) When the results of EPT were compared according to response degrees on each item in two groups, significant items were No. 1, 2, 14. 4) When the results of EPT were compared according to total scores on each dimension in two groups, physiological aversive and psychological aversive dimensions were significantly correlated only in control subjects.
신춘환,이재인 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.2
This study was carried out to investigate the filtration characteristics of membrane modules according to hollow fiber dispersion for direct solid-liquid separation of activated sludge. 2 bundle, 4 bundle, and 10 bundle module used in this experiment according to hollow fiber dispersion was manufactured at laboratory and permeate flux and transmembrane pressure(TMP) of each module were observed under a suction pressure of 0.5㎏_f/㎠. As the hollow fibers were dispersed, permeate flux was increased and TMP was decreased. Permeate flux and TMP of each module was 15.0 ℓ/㎡·h and 31.8 ㎝Hg for 2 bundle, 16.0 ℓ/㎡·h and 17.4 ㎝Hg for 4 bundle, and 20.4 ℓ/㎡·h and 13.8 ㎝Hg for 10 bundle. In conclusion, the membrane fouling is expected to be decrease by maintaining lower TMP with hollow fiber dispersion.
자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용한 작업환경내 총 먼지 중 수용성 추출물의 유전독성 평가
신해식,김진규,이재환,황갑성,김균,이정주,이진흥 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6
In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity of heavy metals among particulates with Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad - MCN) assay in the various working environment. In a synthetic fiber factory and a rubber factory, chromium concentration was higher than any other heavy metals. On the other hand, nickel concentration was the highest in a semi-conductor factory. The difference in genotoxicity among the working environment was statistically significant as Trad-MCN frequencies were 4.67±0.35 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.01) for the synthetic fiber factory, 5.73±0.81 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.0I) for the rubber factory, and 15.60±2.58 (p< 0.01) (p< 0.001) for the semi-conductor factory. As a result, heavy metals among particulates in the working environment can be considered to have hazardous potential to human health, although they cannot directly induce DNA damage to the workers in the working environments.
신동환,최이송,박재영,오종민 경희대학교 2003 環境硏究 論文集 Vol.12 No.-
In this study, the variation of water quality in Aswan stream was investigated through continuous monitoring and matt balance and metabolism occurred into water body environment was estimated to set up effective management plan of small urban stream. Sated on the results, the rate of output to input (O/I rate. in the flux balance was 1.16 and about 16% sae increased between the section of OS1 ∼ OS3. Also, the SS and BOD loadings between the tame section were increased by 29% and 31%, respectively. Although increase of flux influenced on the increase of SS and BOD loading, it was judged that the larger part of o/I rate of pollutants comparing to O/I rate of flux was due to up-take from sediment on the riverbed. The contribution percentage of BS1 and BS2 for flux between the section of OS1 ∼ OS2 was 17.3%, total section was 31.3% (including BS3). However, the contribution of tributaries for SS, BOD and T-N loading wore 50.3%, 33.0% and 57.6%, respectively. Eventually tributaries contributed the pollution of water quality. To reduce pollution of water quality in the section of OS1 ∼ OS3, firstly, it need that effective management plan for tributaries mutt be set up to improve the water quality in main stream. Secondly, the counter plan for ro-eruptyon of pollutants from sediment in main-stream it required to prevent inner pollution. On this study, we showed that small urban stream can be managed effectively by simple investigation to prevent deterioration of water quality. also, it is more important that matter cycle and matt balance happening in the stream environment must be correctly estimated to make up healthy stream environment and to improve water quality.
辛昌男,方在旭,吳炅煥 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1979 學術硏究誌 Vol.6 No.2
Pollen morphology of Lilium 1ancifolium L. leichtlinii var, tigrinum and L, distichum was examined by the light microscopy in conjunction differences of pollen Character in Kwangnung, The pollen character of three species was similar except the grain size, The average polar axis and equatrial axis of L,lancifolium showed the highest values among three species and L.distichum was lowest. The differences of them in three species were significant judging from the F-test (p<0.05). And the differences in size of pollen grain in three species were significant (P<0.05). It was possible for grain size to classify the pollen of species of Lilium.