Flow Regimes and Thermal Patterns in 15th Century BC Tombs of the Valley of Kings

( Essam E Khalil ),( Fellow Asme ),( Fellow Ashrae ),( Fellow Aiaa ) 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2012 신소재연구 Vol.24 No.-

The cultural heritage left by the Egyptian Pharaohs in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings represents some of the key elements of the Egyptian cultural and tourism wealth and standing monuments demonstrating the wealth and technology of the pharaohs. These tombs were prepared to bury the Kings` mummies and artifacts for eternal life. Many of the wall paintings identifying the various ancient rituals and life style are in good conditions as the tombs were only recently opened to the public and resulted, in many instances, to dramatic deterioration of the wall paintings due in part to excessive humidity. Basically, ventilation air design systems are considered here for the tomb passage of King Ramses VII, Ramses IV, Siti II and Bay including different visitors (obstacles) alternative positioning to adequately predict the actual air flow, thermal and moisture patterns in the tombs and hence to provide energy efficient design of ventilation system and reduce the adverse effect of excessive humidity. The present work made use of packaged Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs. For the present work, following similar work of Abdel Aziz et al [1] and Khalil [2], a numerical study is carried out to define the optimum airside design of the tombs air ventilation and conditioning systems, which provides the optimum comfort and healthy conditions with optimum energy utilization. Basically, airside design types are considered here for the tomb passage of King Ramses VII, Ramses IV, Siti II and Bay, including different visitors (obstacles) alternative positioning to introduce the capability of the design to provide the optimum characteristics. The primary objective of the present work is to assess the airflow characteristics, thermal pattern and moisture distribution in the different tombs ventilation configurations in view of basic known flow characteristics. Tombs consist, typically of three gently sloping corridors. The free air supply and mechanically extracted ducted air play an important role in shaping the main flow pattern where the internal obstacles can distort the airflow pattern by increasing the recirculation zones or by deflecting the main airflow pattern, [3 and 4].

VENTILATION OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF KINGS, LUXOR, EGYPT

ESSAM E. KHALIL 대한설비공학회 2012 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.20 No.1

The cultural heritage left by the Egyptian pharaohs in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings represents some of the key elements of the Egyptian cultural wealth and standing monuments demonstrating the wealth and technology of the pharaohs. As the pharaohnic civilization is one of the oldest civilizations, the dedicated preservation of its remaining monuments and collections should be the focus of sincere international efforts. A major heritage of this civilization, i.e., the tombs of the Kings, is intact in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt. These tombs were prepared to bury the Kings' mummies and artifacts for eternal life. Many of the wall paintings identifying the various ancient rituals and life style are in good conditions as the tombs were only recently opened to the public. However, tourists' activities in these tombs have resulted, in many instances, in the dramatic deterioration of wall paintings due in part to excessive humidity. The current indoor air flow conditions and air quality in the tombs are quite alarming; hence, appropriate measures should be taken to preserve the tombs and their contents. This dilemma invokes the need for a proper ventilation system that stabilizes the air conditioning as well as addresses comfort levels of visitors. Deterioration can be from lighting effects, high temperature and relative humidity. Pest infections, shock and vibration are also potential causes among pollution and visitors' traffic.

Energy Performance Analyses in Low Carbon Buildings

( Essam E Khalil ),( Fellow Asme ),( Fellow Ashrae ),( Fellow Aiaa ) 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2012 신소재연구 Vol.24 No.-

The Developing communities in their path for rapid development is endeavoring to make all necessary and appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and increase the beneficiation of the energy resources. The energy production, transmission, distribution and utilization efficiency becomes a vital factor and measure of national development. Governmental organizations were established earlier to be responsible for energy planning and efficient utilization, information dissemination and capacity building as well as devising the necessary codes and standards. Throughout the Nation Energy resources are widely used and consumption rates are in general exceeding the International accepted values. Energy rationalization and audit exercises were developed and monitored by Governmental authorities, Universities and Research centers through the past two decades with a definitive positive energy reduction and beneficiation. The development of the relevant codes for Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency in Building is underway through the governmental bodies responsible for the research and development in the building Technology sector and is the umbrella under which the National and Unified Arab Codes are developed and issued. A proposed new Energy Performance in Buildings Directive would fulfill the following main targets of Energy Performance Directive: 1. “Legestilative authorities shall ensure that, when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out, an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner or by the owner to the prospective buyer or tenant, as the case might be. … 2. The energy performance certificate for buildings shall include reference values such as currant legal standards and benchmarks in order to make it possible for consumers to compare and assess the energy performance of the building. The certificate shall be accompanied by recommendations for cost-effective improvement of the energy performance…” The following steps are required for the energy certification: 1. Develop methodologies for energy declaration of the buildings 2. Develop reference values (key numbers) and /or systems for benchmarking 3. Provide a labeling system for selected buildings 4. Describe an energy signature for the building.

Holistic Approach to Energy Efficient Smart Green Buildings

( Essam E Khalil ),( F Asme ),( F Aiaa ),( F Ashrae ) 경남대학교 신소재연구소 2013 신소재연구 Vol.25 No.-

This review paper presents a recent status quo of HVAC airside design for the air-conditioned spaces under holistic approach for green and smart buildings. This briefly summarizes the current status, future requirements, and expectations. It has been found that, the experimental investigations should be considered in the new trend of energy investigations, not to merely to validate the numerical tools, but also to provide a complete database of the airflow characteristics in the air-conditioned spaces. Based on this analysis and the vast progress of computers and associated software, the artificial intelligent technique is sought as a prominent competitor candidate to the experimental and numerical techniques. Finally, the researches that relate between the different designs of the HVAC systems and energy consumption should concern with the optimization of airside design as the expected target to enhance the indoor environment.

Gifted Designs of Archaeological 15th Century BC Tombs of the Valley of Kings

Essam E. KHALIL 국제과학영재학회 2013 Journal of the International Gifted in Science Vol.1 No.1

New Coordination Approach to Minimize the Number of Re-adjusted Relays When Adding DGs in Interconnected Power Systems

Doaa Khalil Ibrahim,Essam El Din Abo El Zahab,Saadoun Abd El Aziz Mostafa 대한전기학회 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.2

The presence of DGs in power system networks tends to negatively affect the protective relays coordination. The proposed method introduces an approach to minimize the numbers of relays that acquire new settings on contrary to their original settings (case without DG), to achieve relays coordination in case of adding DG, since relays coordination with minimum number of relays of readjusted settings represents economical target, especially in networks containing mixture of electromechanical and adaptive digital relays. The scheme decides the possible minimum number of re-adjusted relays and their locations in an optimum manner to achieve proper relays coordination in case of adding DGs. The proposed approach is divided into two successive phases; the first phase is stopped when the first relays coordination solution is achieved. The second phase increases the possibility to keep higher number of relays at their original settings than that obtained in first phase through achieving multi solutions of relays coordination. The proposed approach is implemented and effectively tested on the well-known IEEE-39 bus test system.

New Coordination Approach to Minimize the Number of Re-adjusted Relays When Adding DGs in Interconnected Power Systems

Ibrahim, Doaa Khalil,El Zahab, Essam El Din Abo,Aziz Mostafa, Saadoun Abd El The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.2

The presence of DGs in power system networks tends to negatively affect the protective relays coordination. The proposed method introduces an approach to minimize the numbers of relays that acquire new settings on contrary to their original settings (case without DG), to achieve relays coordination in case of adding DG, since relays coordination with minimum number of relays of re-adjusted settings represents economical target, especially in networks containing mixture of electromechanical and adaptive digital relays. The scheme decides the possible minimum number of re-adjusted relays and their locations in an optimum manner to achieve proper relays coordination in case of adding DGs. The proposed approach is divided into two successive phases; the first phase is stopped when the first relays coordination solution is achieved. The second phase increases the possibility to keep higher number of relays at their original settings than that obtained in first phase through achieving multi solutions of relays coordination. The proposed approach is implemented and effectively tested on the well-known IEEE-39 bus test system.