産業聯關表의 投入係數 延長에 관한 試論的 硏究 : 「스톤」의 兩比例調整法을 中心으로 with Attention to the RAS Method

李春根 啓明大學校 社會科學硏究所 1987 한국사회과학연구 Vol.5 No.-

Input-output analysis is a method of systematically quantifying the mutual interrelationships among the various sectors of a complex economic system. In practical terms, the economic system to which it is applied may be as large as a nation or even the entire world economy, or as small as the economy of a metropolitan area or even a single enterprise. But to produce a table based on a survey of establishments in the economy is an expensive and time-consuming task. Moreover, as it takes at least 2 or 3 years to complete the input-output tables after research of the economic structure, the investigator of this data has an inevitable time-lag of abut 2 or 3 years. Therefore, the rational method that attempts to update input-output coefficiensts more recently has been required. The specific purposes of this study ale as follows: 1) To analyze the theoretical meaning and calculating procedures of the biproportional adjustment method or RAS method developed by R. Stone. 2) To find out the utility and economic interpretation of the RAS method and contribute to the updating method itself of the input-output tables and its usefulness. In this paper, the updating method of the input-output coefficients was devided into five parts: the extrapolation method, the best practice firm method, the marginal input coefficients method, the Lagrangian multiplier method, and the quadratic programming method. First of all, this study analyzed its theoretical meaning and calculating procedures, classifying one as a simple RAS method, the other as a modified RAS method. The utility of the biproportional adjustment method mentioned this study can be summarized as follows: 1) The input-output coefficients matrix of the update year can be made simply by that of the base year, and the total intermediate demand and input vector, the total product vector of the update year. 2) The validity of this method was approved by J. Paelink, J. Waelbroeck and W.I. Morrison. 3) We can use this method properly in rapid framing with minimal expense compared to a survey table. 4) We on apply this method easily to convenicnt calculating procedures. And the economic interpretation of the biproportional adjustment method can be found hi the following statements. 1) R. Stone considered the effect of substitution change and the effect of fabrication change as the economic phenomenon that can change the column and row of the input coefficients matrix. 2) The input coefficients matrix projected this method can be accomplished more favorably when analyzed as the Leontief inverse matrix. 3) It is not always desirable to use additional exogenous information of the interindustry transactions matrix. 4) In general, the substitution multiplier of some prospective industries is greater than 1, while that of declining industries is smaller than 1. The fabrication mutiplier of some industries that has a decreasing value added is greater than 1, and that of some industries which has an increasing value added is smaller than 1. 5) The signs of input-output coefficients of the base year are not changed in the update year by this method. The RAS method mentioned above has very high utility. Nevertheless, there are some restrictions. This paper suggests that further study should be made in the prediction of the long-run demand for certain industries with input-output coefficients induced in the RAS method, definite procedures of the other modified updating method and more suitable understanding of its projected effects. To improve the accuracy of the input-output caefficients in the input-output tables, the definite statistical data of exogenous party is required. For this purpose, it is necessay to consolidate and administer the basic statistical data.

小規模 開放經濟의 構造的 인플레이션 理論에 관한 實證分析 : 模型의 擴張과 政策的 含意를 中心으로 with Special Reference to the Enlargement and Political Implications of Model

李春根 경북대학교 경제경영연구소 1989 經商論集 Vol.17 No.3

The theory of inflation in the past was chiefly analyzed by means of Keynesian and monetarism under the closed economy. The inflation of a nation is affected by foreign factors as well as domestic ones. Above all, the worldwide inflation after the oil shock, in the beginning of 1970, made a good example of that well. That is, the inflation of every country in the world was observed, and that of each country was widespread on influensing each other. Furthermore, a small open economy underwent import inflation inevitably. As a consequence, the traditional analysis which stressed on only the domestic variables was considered improper in the viewpoint of international characteristic. The purpose of this paper tries to make an accurate analysis into the structural inflation theory under the small open economy, chiefly with reference to the enlargement of model and political implications, which is regarded as preferable in a small open economy among the inflation theories. Likewise, this paper is aimed at helping a nation to improve her theoretical and political implications on the factors of the price rise in the Korean economy. The Scandinavian model was developed and enlarged by many economists of Scandinavian regions. The essential feature of this model is that price developments in a small open economy are attributed to differences in the rate of growth of productivity between the tradable and the non-tradable sector, and a transmission mechanism wheredy international price developments are freely transmitted to the domestic price level. The model predicts that countries with large differences in the rate of productivity increase between the tradable and the nontradable sector will, ceteris paribus, have a rapid rate of inflation relative to inflation on the world market. Also, it made a political implication that the inflation of a small open country undergoes a higher price rise, compared with world inflation because tradable sectors show a productivity rise faster than non-tradable ones in the small open country. However, this model has many constraints to be enforced. Above all, the model is criticized for its neglect of domestic demand-pull factors. Except for that, the model has only trivial faults in which macro-economic model or something may take. On the other hand, in recent years, some economists have attempted to incorporate demand pressures by adding a short-run Phillps curve or monetarism to the basic supply-price equation of the Scandinavian model. It is thought that the combined model has solved many constraints and has great significance as an inflation model. Consequently, it is regarded as significant that we analyze the factors of the price rise in the Korean economy by revising that model on the view of the Korean economy. The testing results of the Scandinavian model using the Korean data have performed comparatively well. Therefore, I think that the structural inflation hypothesis can be practiced well in Korean economy. But I failed to analyze minutely the Korean economy becaues of the lack of statistical data related to the labor productivity of non-tradable sectors. We often face this problem when we analyze the specific structure of domestic economy or regional economy. Consequently, it is urgent that we should adjust statistical data, to begin with. To accomplish the goal, government and authorities should to arrange the statistical data through their cooperation with universities.

읽기·쓰기 능력 발달을 위한 문장 교육 교재 개발 연구 : 문형 지도를 중심으로 Centered on the Instruction of Sentence Pattern

이춘근,김명순 국어교육학회 2004 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.18 No.-

읽기·쓰기 능력의 발달을 이루기 위해서는 문장 교육이 필수적이다. 그러나 지금까지는 문법 교육의 퇴조와 더불어 문장 교육이 매우 소홀히 다루어져 왔는데 그 와중에서 문형 교육은 더욱 그러하였다. 이 논문은 읽기·쓰기 교육을 위한 문장 교육의 한 부분으로 문형지도 방안에 대해 연구한 것이다. 문형 교육이란 문장의 통사 구조를 가르치는 교육이다. 일부에서는 아동의 언어 습득 과정에서 이미 문장의 통사 구조에 대한 직관이 습득되므로 별도의 교육은 필요하지 않다고 주장한다. 그러나 우리는 그러한 직관적인 지식은 불충분하며 읽기·쓰기 능력을 높은 수준으로 발달시키기 위해서는 문장의 통사적 사용 능력이 발달하도록 지도해야 한다고 본다. 문형 교육의 목적은 텍스트에 사용되거나 될 수 있는 모든 문장의 통사 구조를 능숙하게 사용할 수 있도록 통사적 능력을 발달시키는 것이다. 이 목적을 위해서 통사론적 지식을 선정하여 가르쳐야 한다. 이 논문에서 제안한 문형 지도 내용과 방안은 다음과 같다. 1. 문형 1) 기본 문형 : ① 주어, 서술어 ② 주어, 보어, 서술어 ③ 주어, 목적어, 서술어 ④ 주어, 목적어, 보어, 서술어 2) 통합 문형 : (독립어), 주어…(보어)…(목적어)…(보어)…서술어 2. 단계별 지도 방안 ◀표삽입 본문참조▶ The sentence education is essential to the development of reading and writing competence. But for the ebb of grammar education, until now, the sentence education is neglected in the instruction of reading and writing, still more the instruction of sentence pattern[henceforth SP] is. The purpose of this paper is to design the instruction of SP for the education of reading and writing. The instruction of SP is the instruction of the syntactic structure of the sentence. In the language acquisition, children already acquired the intuition of the syntactic structure of the sentence, but it is insufficient. To develop the competence of reading and writing on the high-qualified level, they have to be able to deal with a difficult sentence structure in the text skillfully. The purpose of the instruction of SP is to develop the syntactic competence handling any sentence used or usable in the text skillfully. To achieve this goal, students have to learn the knowledge of syntax. The contents of the instruction are as follows : 1. SP 1.1 basic 4 SP : S+V, S+C+V, S+O+V, S+O+C+V 1.2 Integrated SP : (I), S…(C)…(O)…(C)…P 2. These contents must be instructed by stages.

通貨主義의 인플레이션 理論에 관한 硏究

李春根 啓明大學校 社會科學硏究所 1988 한국사회과학연구 Vol.7 No.-

AbstractKorean economy has achieved a high growth of GNP through her successful performance since 1962, though there have been various undesirable effects in the other side of it. Especially, Korean economy went through such a severe inflation as a history of inflation from the Liberation to 1981. Fortunately, Korean economy has been in a stable state owing to the fall in the price of oil and the country's effective inflation control plans since 1982. However, a variety of gushes of her craving in the democratizing and the increase of money supply in foreign departments ofter 1987 have brought out the wrong effect on her stable growth. To solve this problem, the government has recently regarded the stabilization of the price as a primary task.The purpose of this study is first to classify the inflation theory of monetarism into a closed economy and an open one, and then analyze them clearly. The study also aims at making a significant implication on the policy far the country to stabilize the price in the future by indicating the limitations and criticisms of that theory.Monetarists say that inflation is in essence a monetary phenomenon, and the it is due to the excessive money supply of a country. They say that the financial and fiscal policy for decreasing the rate of unemployment may be effective in the short - run, but increase the price in the long - run. Consequently, they insist that a country prefer a k% constant money-supply rule to an aggregate demand control policy. In addition, they have emphasized the importance of the inflationary expectations in the inflation theory and presented the goal of the rate of increase in money supply by analyzing it thoeoretically or empiricall. They first suggested a method for elucidating stagflation.According to the monetarist theory of the balance of payments, a country will gain reserves if its rate of domestic credit expansion is below the world averag. Likewise, if the country's rate of domestic credit expansion is above the world rate it will decrease reserves. Thus a country will increase domestic credit expansion if it holds more reserves than it requires. In aggregate, the change in the rate of domestic credit expansion will thus depend on whether, on balance, international reserves are adequate or whether there is a shortage. If there is a shortage of international reserves, countries will be attempting to increase their own holdings by means of maintaining a slow growth of domestic credit. But if there is an expansion of international liquidity, countries will feel able to expand domestic credit at a laster rate, the world money supply will increase, and with it the world inflation rate. It follows that, in a fixed exchange rate system, the rate of inflation depends largely on the rate of increase In International liquidity. And, in open economy monetarists modes, world inflation determines domestic inflation, which in turn determines the growth of the demand for money.There are the fundamental differences between the monetarist model of a closed economy and the monetary approach to the balance of payments. In the colsed - economy model the central bank controls the money supply and therefore it also controls, in the long run, the price level. In the monetarist model of a small, open economy with fixed exchange rates the rate of inflation equals the world rate and is therefore exogenous. An increase in the domestic component of the money supply does not increase the domestic rate of inflation ; instead, it produces a deficit in the balance of payments.According to the Monetary approach the central bank controls the rate of inflation not by varying the rate of growth of the volume of domestic credit, but rather, for a given demand for money, by controlling the balance of payments or the development of the country's foreign exchange reserves. This method can not only explain the chronic and international inflation in the late 1960's and in the early 1970's, but also provide a basis far the policy needed to adjust the balance of Payments. Especially, the method has a great value in the view point that it has showed a new approach based on the general equilibrium analysis, far from the past.The inflation theory of monetarism, of course, has been subjected to various criticisms. That is, inflation can be produced by both demand - pull and cost-push factors. However, the theory ignored the latter completely, and excluded the government expenditure and taxes in the real incomes theory of monetarism. And, since the theory fails to clearly explain a transmission mechanism which affects the real incomes when the money supply changes, it cannot present a method for effective policy required to develop economy. Likewise, the assumption of the law of one prices to one goods is not appropriate and has a low validity in an open economy. In spite of these faults, it is true that the money supply has a great influence an the national economy. Furthermore, the economic variables in our country have been less than those of such a developed country as the United States. As a consequence, the money supply has had a great influence on korean economy.M. Friedman suggests that a k% constant money-supply rule is annually 3∼5 %, which provides an important implication to korean economy. In recent years, it is imperative for korean economy to regulate money supply properly all the more because the increase of money supply in foreign department is a cause of inflation. In the past, the rate of growth of the money supply was about 18%. In the short run, the money supply in korean economy will need adjusting flexibly. In the long run, it is thought that korean economy will need introducing an appropriate money - supply rule to herself by analyzing it theoretically or empirically. ,Similarly, to make the money supply reasonable, korean economy should take such a basic measure as an adequate line of surplus in the balance of payments, and an improvement of the stable role in the fiscal department, giving up the short - run policy in the past.The further studies should analyze the factors of inflation in korean economy affected by flrei,:n imported inflation such as oil shocks and raw materials in addition to the money supply what the monetarists call. Likewise, when the impulse of inflation is at hand in korean economy, they should get rid of the psychology of inflationary expectations with the short - run incomes policy. In addition, the endeavor fur the country to stabilize the price should obtain a general confidence by propelling it coherently for more than ten years.

日本經濟의 發展要因에 관한 一硏究

崔龍浩,李春根 慶北大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.44 No.-

Japan makes the biggest trade surplus in the balance of payments and exercises the strong economic power next to the U.S. in the western world. Many existing studies have examined statistical data and national policies to analyze the Japanese economy. However, one hardly understands fully the economic development of a country without understanding historical and cultural backgrounds and inheritances. Thus this study has two purposes: investigating major historical and cultural factors affecting the Japanese economic development, and providing implications to apply these factor to the Korean economic development. This study has identified the following factors contributing to the Japanese economic development: (1) the Japanese Confucian culture that emphasizes diligence and consciousness of the rank system, (2) the early adoption of a compulsory education system promoting the high level of mass education, (3) the seniority-rank and the lifetime employment system based on the characteristics of vocational ethics. (4) the healthy relations between parent and subcontracted companies derived from the Japanese SAMURAI spirits, (5) the eminent improvement engineering technique through excellent imitations, and (6) the cooperations between the government and private enterprises. These factors are typical features of the Japanese economic development and have played a key role in developing Japanese economy. The results of this study may offer lots of implications for applying to the korean economic development.

所得政第에 관한 一硏究

崔龍浩,李春根 慶北大學校 經商大學 經濟學科 1987 慶商大學論集 Vol.15 No.-

복어중독에 의한 가사 상태에서 소생한 1예

송승찬,신진호,강석우,박경남,최호순,박근태,문희식,기춘석,이성희,윤병철,노우균,조균석,이민호 大韓應急醫學會 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin produced by about 90 species of puffer fish and causes paralysis of central nervous system and peripheral nerves by blocking the movement of all monovalent cation. Ingestion of tetrodotoxin produces clinical manifestations such as paresthesias(within 10-45 min), vomiting, lightheadedness, salivation, muscle twitching, dysphagia, difficulty in speaking, convulsion and death that expressed by cardiopulmonary arrest with loss of brain stem reflex sometimes. Tetrodotoxin prevents or delays ischemia induced neuronal death by way of following 3 mechanisms. Firstly, it reduces the energy demand of the brain tissues. Secondly, it delays or even prevents anoxic depolarization. Finally, it deminishes ischemia induced cell swelling and cerebral edema. We report a case of puffer fish poisoning which presented with cardiopulmonary arrest and loss of brain stem reflex, but completely recovered by aggressive cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Development and Validation of Brain Metastasis Classification Algorithm of the Brain MRI Report from the Lung Cancer Patients Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning

( Choon Geun Lee ),( Sang Won Yoon ),( Jaeyoung Cho ),( Nak-won Kwak ),( Sun-mi Choi ),( Jinwoo Lee ),( Chang-Hoon Lee ),( Sang-min Lee ),( Chul-gyu Yoo ),( Sanghyun Lee ),( Bin Hwangbo ),( Young Sik 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2020 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.128 No.-

Background Healthcare professionals need to understand the changes in medical data stored in electronic charts, and data science and artificial intelligence can help in the big data era. The aim of this study is to develop and validate the algorithm for the classification of brain metastasis in the brain MRI reports of lung cancer patients. Methods Newly registered lung cancer patients from August 2007 to March 2020 at tertiary referral hospital were enrolled and the first radiologic reports of brain MRI from each patient were collected. All reports were manually reviewed by the pulmonary specialist (no metastasis, single, and multiple metastasis). We developed two classification algorithms for the reports using natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), binary (no metastasis, metastasis) and ternary classifications (no metastasis, single, and multiple metastasis). Finally, these algorithms were externally validated against independent data from other hospital. Results The total of 8,675 patients and their reports were collected. Among them 1,724 patients (19.9%) had brain metastasis from manual review. In binary classification algorithm, the accuracy was 95.7% for the training set and 92.1% for the test set. In ternary classification algorithm, the accuracy was 92.7% for the training set and 90.4% for the test set. For the external validation, we collected 5,021 patients and their reports. Among them, 16.6% of brain metastasis was manually reviewed. When these algorithms were applied, the classification performance showed 96.8% in binary classification and 94.6% in ternary classification. Conclusions The combined NLP and ML Method using the radiologic reports shows great performance in classifying brain metastasis from lung cancer patients.

Mortality and Causes of death of patients with asthma

( Choon-geun Lee ),( Jaeyoung Cho ),( Nak-won Kwak ),( Sun-mi Choi ),( Jinwoo Lee ),( Young-sik Park ),( Sang-min Lee ),( Chul-gyu Yoo ),( Young Hwan Kim ),( Chang-hoon Lee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Asthma is a disease with a prevalence of more than 300 million people worldwide, with 420,000 asthma patients deaths in 2018. Asthma patients mortality rates continue to decline in Korea, but the second-highest among OECD countries. In the past study, the study mainly defined the definition of asthma based on clinical diagnosis such as history, not the spirometry-based diagnosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to define asthma based on appropriate diagnosis criteria and to compare the cause of death and mortality of asthma patients. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively patients who underwent bronchodilator response or Provocation test from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2017, and finally 3397 patients were analyzed. Asthma was defined as a positive bronchodilator response or a provocation test at least once in the period, and the control group was defined as having both tests result in bronchodilator response & provocation test and each negative results in bronchodilator response and provocation test In the asthma group, the first day with a positive bronchodilator response or provocation test was defined as the index date. In the control group, the latter date which the bronchodilator response negative and the provocation test were negative once was defined as the index date.Results: In total, 1292 patients with asthma and 2105 control participants were included. Twenty-nine (1.3%) asthma patients and 31 control patients died during the mean 150.84 ± 1.45 months follow-up period. There was no significant difference. (Logrank test P=0.73) Cancer was the most common cause of death for both group (20 (64.5%) vs 18 (62.1%), and pneumonia was the following cause. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant differences in the survival and mortality of the normal control group in the analysis of asthma patients based on spirometry

Antifungal Effect of Chitosan as Ca²⁺ Channel Blocker

Lee, Choon Geun,Koo, Ja Choon,Park, Jae Kweon The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2016 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.32 No.3

The aim of this study was to investigate antifungal activity of a range of different molecular weight (MW) chitosan against Penicillium italicum. Our results demonstrate that the antifungal activity was dependent both the MW and concentration of the chitosan. Among a series of chitosan derived from the hydrolysis of high MW chitosan, the fractions containing various sizes of chitosan ranging from 3 to 15 glucosamine units named as chitooligomers-F2 (CO-F2) was found to show the highest antifungal activity against P. italicum. Furthermore, the effect of CO-F2 toward this fungus was significantly reduced in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$, whereas its effect was recovered by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, suggesting that the CO-F2 acts via disruption of $Ca^{2+}$ gradient required for survival of the fungus. Our results suggest that CO-F2 may serve as potential compounds to develop alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of the postharvest diseases.