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The Origin of Ethnic Diversity in South Korea - Issues and Implications
Andrew Eungi Kim 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2010 OMNES: The Journal of Multicultural Society Vol.1 No.1
More than a million foreigners reportedly reside in South Korea now, with unskilled migrant workers accounting for a majority. Although the country’s reliance on imported foreign labor is likely to continue unabated, the country prides itself as an ethnically homogenous society and insists on an almost zero-immigration policy. However, this paper shows that Korean society is rapidly becoming an ethnically diverse society and that this process is inevitable and irreversible. In support of this argument, the paper examines various social factors that are contributing to the making of a multiethnic Korea, including the continuing influx of migrant workers, rapid aging of the population, low fertility rate, and a shortage of brides. The paper also discusses many cultural and social implications of the increasing ethnic diversity in Korea, including the relevance of multiculturalism as a policy.
Kim, Andrew Eungi 韓國世界地域硏究協議會 1996 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.9,10 No.-
ABSTRACTA renewed and more determined separatist movement from Quebec, which is the French-speaking province of 7 million people, has been seriously challenging the political stablity of Canada since the early 1990s. While many scholars have identified the existence of two linguistic communities, i.e., the English and the French, and concomitant dual cultural practices as key factors of this political crisis, very little effort has been made to systematically analyze the social factors that not only reinforce cultural duality but also may inhibit the sustenance of one, united Canada in the near future. One such factor is the absence of pan-Canadian nationalism, and this paper offers an analysis of the agencies of political socialization and other political and social factors that may have hampered the development of pan-Canadian nationalism. This paper will attempt to show that the emergence of pan-Canadian nationalism has been hindered by the following chief factors: the lack of unifying national symbols; a strong economic and political regionalism; the prevalent American cultural influence; and the linguistic and cultural differences between the Anglophone and Francophone Canadians.
NATION-BUILDING AND KOREAN CIVIL RELIGION: THE MAKING OF NATIONAL COMMUNITY, CULTURE, AND IDENTITY
ANDREW EUNGI KIM 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2005 Acta Koreana Vol.8 No.2
The concept of civil religion refers to beliefs, symbols, and rituals as well as institutions which reinforce social cohesion, legitimate the socio-political system, and mobilize citizens to achieve common national objectives. Because it celebrates and reinforces the nation’s culture and history, civil religion is a source of powerful identity which promotes national unity and sustains individual commitment toward national goals. The question is thus: Is there civil religion in South Korea? If so, what are its characteristics? In view of these questions, this paper examines Korea’s culture, history, national symbols, and renewed traditionalism to identify the characteristics of Korean civil religion. The paper argues that a strong civil religion exists in Korea and that it has been an integral part of the nation-building process since the founding of the First Republic in 1948. The paper also asserts that a succession of authoritarian governments (1961–1993) has promoted strong civil religion to legitimatize the regime and to mobilize the masses to actively participate in the modernization and industrialization processes. Also examined in the paper is how Korean civil religion to this day has endorsed economic growth as the national goal to overcome all social ills; how Korean civil religion has promoted national confidence and pride regarding the country’s alleged ethnic and cultural homogeneity; how it has ascribed sacred meanings to such secular symbols as the flag and the national anthem; and how it has exalted Shamanism as a repository of Korean culture and has glorified certain traditional Confucian values.
Canadian Multiculturalism: A Critical Review and Reassessment of the Policy and Its Implications
( Andrew Eungi Kim ),( Seok Moo Choi ) 한국영미문화학회 2012 영미문화 Vol.12 No.3
When it comes to multiculturalism, a country which is often associated with the concept/policy is Canada. Canada became the first country in the world to adopt multiculturalism as official state policy in 1971. And with the increasing ethnic diversity shaping and reshaping many countries all around the world, Canada`s "experiment" with multiculturalism has been scrutinized by policymakers and scholars of many countries to assess its applicability to their own societies. Consensus is that Canadian multiculturalism has been successful and that it is perhaps the most viable policy when it comes to dealing with the multicultural circumstances. It must be noted, however, that praises for multiculturalism and assessments of its applicability have been made on the basis of inadequate understanding of the term. To properly understand multiculturalism and assess its applicability, distinctions must be made between multicultural society as a fact and process, i.e., growing racial and ethnic diversity in Canada, and multiculturalism as a policy and ideology. Also, the multiplicity of the meanings and implications of multiculturalism must be understood sufficiently. In view of this, this paper analyzes Canadian multiculturalism from multidimensional perspectives and examines their implications.
미국과 한국의 가격담합: 법적 체계, 처벌 및 영향 비교를 중심으로
김은기(Andrew Eungi Kim),Ben A. Sommers,김지은(April Kim) 한국부패학회 2012 한국부패학회보 Vol.17 No.4
가격담합은 기업 범죄의 한 형태로서, 개인 소비자들에게 직접적인 영향을 준다는 심각성을 갖고 있다. 따라서 정부는 소비자를 보호하고, 열린 자유경쟁 원리를 지키기 위해 담합과 같은 반경쟁적인 행위들을 감시와 조사를 통해 적발하여야 한다. 그러나 반경쟁법의 시행 정도는 국가에 따라 매우 상이하다. 특히 한국은 국내외로 담합 행위의 역사가 상당하여 이에 대한 검토가 필요하며, 미국은 글로벌무역과 세계시장의 접점 국가로서 비교 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 한국과 미국 간의 차이를 설명하는 데 취지가 있으며 두 국가의 담합 관련 법적 쟁점사항을 다루고, 양국 간의 차이가 어떻게 한국에서 가격담합을 더 평범한 현상으로 만드는지 증명하였다. 본 연구는 두 국가가 유사한 점을 가지고 있을지라도 각각의 법적 체계는 구조적으로 극명한 대조를 보이며 왜 미국의 위법행위 방지가 한국보다 더욱 효과적인지 설명하고 있다. . One of the gravest forms of corporate crime is price fixing, whose consequences ultimately have a direct impact on the individual consumer. Thus, governments must take on monitoring, inquiring, and prosecuting anticompetitive practices in order to protect both the consumer and the idea of free and open competition. However, the extent to which anticompetitive legislation is enforced varies greatly from country to country. In particular, South Korea, a country with a considerable history of both international and domestic price fixing activities, calls for examination. And the United States serves as a point for comparison, for the country is the nexus of global trade and world markets. This paper seeks to identify the discrepancies between the two countries in addressing price fixing as a legal issue, demonstrating how such discrepancies serve to explain why price fixing scandals have become a more pedestrian phenomenon in South Korea. The paper illustrates that although the two countries have a few similarities, their respective legal frameworks are structurally stark in contrast, which explains why deterring illegal practices in the United States is far more effective than doing so in Korea.